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1、 I LectureNote on Optics IIContents Chapter 1 General Properties of Wave.-3-1-1 Physical Feature:.-3-1-2 Mathematical Description of Wave-Differential Wave Equation.-3-1-3 Harmonic waves(a quick summary).-5-1-4 Phase and Phase velocity.-11-1-5 Superposition Principle.-12-1-6 Complex Representation a
2、nd Phasors.-14-1-7 Plane waves and Spherical waves.-21-1-8 Doppler Effect:.-23-Chapter2 Light as Electro-Magnetic Wave.-32-2-1 Maxwell Equation and Electro-Magnetic Wave.-32-2-2 Speed of light.-34-2-3 Transverse Wave.-36-2-4 Energy carried by E-M wave.-38-2-5 Momentum of E-M Field.-41-2-6 Photons.-4
3、5-2-7 Radiation(light)sourcesA classical treatment.-45-2-8 One Word on Polarization.-51-Chapter 3 The propagation of Light.-58-3-1 Treatise Based on Macroscopic Observations.-59-3-2 Huygenss Principle.-61-3-3 Fermats Principle.-63-3-4 Two examples using Snells equation.-67-3-5 Propagation of Light f
4、rom Scattering Point of View.-70-3-6 Fresnel Equations.-77-3-6-1 Amplitude,Brewster angle and Total Internal Reflection.-82-3-6-2 Phase shift.-84-3-6-3 Stokes Relation.-87-3-6-4 Evanescent Wave.-90-Chapter 4 Geometric Optics.-95-4-1 Jargons in geometric optic.-97-4-2 Fermats Principle.-100-4-3 Refra
5、ction at a Single Spherical Surface.-102-4-4 Paraxial Approximation.-103-4-5 Finite Imagery and Transverse Magnification.-110-4-6 Multiple Surfaces and Lagrange Helmholtz Relation.-113-4-7 Thin Lens.-115-4-8 Thin lens combination.-120-4-9 Thick Lenses and Lens System.-121-4-10 Graphical Method of Im
6、age Formation.-127-4-11 Analytical Ray Tracing and Matrix Method.-130-4-12 Apertures.-139-III4-13 Aberration.-149-Chapter 5 Interference,Interferometer and Coherence.-153-5-1 Superposition of Waves.-154-5-1-1 Superposition principle in linear optics.-155-5-1-2 Superposition of Waves with same,Parall
7、el 0E?.-157-5-1-3 Standing Waves.-158-5-1-4 The addition of waves of different frequency.-162-5-2 Interference and Coherence.-169-5-3 Wavefront Splitting Interference.-175-5-3-1 Interference of Two Point Sources.-175-5-3-2 Youngs Experiment.-177-5-3-3 A more Strict and Systematic Treatment.-180-5-4
8、Amplitude Splitting Interferometer-Interference by Thin film.-185-5-4-1 Fringes of Equal Thickness.-187-5-4-2 Fringes of equal inclination.-190-5-4-3 Michelson Interferometer.-193-5-5 Multiple Beam interference and Fabry-Perot interferometer.-198-5-5-1 Fabry-Perot Interferometer.-202-5-6 Coherent Th
9、eory.-207-5-6-1 Extended Monochromatic Source and Spatial Coherence.-209-5-6-2 Effect of Non-Monochromatic Light-Temporal Coherence.-212-5-6-3 Correlation Function Formal treatment of Coherence.-218-Chapter 6 Diffraction.-230-6-1 Whats Diffraction.-230-6-1-1 Definition.-230-6-1-2 Fraunhoffer and Fre
10、snel Diffraction.-233-6-2 Huygens-Fresnel Principle(HFP)and Kirchhoff equation.-235-6-3 Fresnel Diffraction through an open aperture.-236-6-3-1 Method of Half-Wavelength(/2)Plate.-237-6-3-2 Phasor Treatment and Vibrational Spirals(curves).-242-6-3-4 Babinet Principle.-246-6-3-5 Fresnel Zone Plate.-2
11、47-6-4 Fraunhoffer Diffraction by Single Slit.-250-6-4-1 Single Slit.-251-6-4-2 Rectangular Aperture.-254-6-4-3 The Characteristic of Diffraction Distribution.-256-6-4-4 Fraunhoffer Diffraction by Circular Aperture and Image Resolution.-259-6-5 Diffraction by Many Slits(Fraunhoffer Type).-263-6-5-1
12、Fraunhoffer-Diffraction by Many Slits.-263-6-5-2 Diffraction Grating and Grating Spectrometer.-273-Chapter 7 Fourier Optics.-286-7-1 Fourier Expansion(Fourier Series)and Fourier integrals.-286-7-1-1 Fourier Expansion of a Periodic Function.-288-IV7-1-2 Non-periodic functions Fourier Transform(Fourie
13、r Integral).-294-7-1-3.Dirac Delta Function .-305-7-1-4 Properties of Fourier Transform.-308-7-2 Fraunhoffer Diffraction from Fourier Optics point of view.-316-7-2-1 Fraunhoffer Diffraction.-317-7-2-2 Abbe imaging principle and image processing by spatial Filtering.-324-Chapter 8 Polarization and Pr
14、opagation of Light in Crystal.-338-8-1 Polarization Type of Light.-338-8-2 Polarizer.-345-8-3 Jones Vector for Polarized Light and Jones Matrix.-350-8-3-1 Jones Vector.-350-8-3-2 Jones matrix for operation on polarized light.-352-8-4 Propagation of light in Crystal-Birefringence.-353-8-4-1 Phenomena
15、 of Birefringence(Double refraction).-353-8-4-2 Microscopic explanation of Birefringence.-356-8-5 Crystal Optical Elements.-365-8-5-1 Birefrigent polarizers.-365-8-5-2 Wave platephase retarder.-365-8-5-4 Jones Matrix for polarizer and wave plate.-373-8-6 Optical activity(Circular Birefringence).-381
16、-8-6-1 Definition.-381-8-6-2 Optical Activity in Crystal.-382-8-6-3 Circular Birefringence.-383-8-6-4 Optical activity in solution.-386-8-6-5 Induced Circular BirefringenceFaraday effect.-387-()x-1-Optics -2-Question:Classical or Quantum?Why bother to treat the light field classically(classical opti
17、cs)since we have a more accurate description quantum mechanically.(Quantum optics)Answer:1.Quantum theory is though more accurate,but also more complicated.In many cases,the classical theory is much simple,as well as_ 2.Accurate:If we treat the statistical behavior(such as average)of large number of
18、 photons,the classical Electro-Magnetic theory is good enough.For Example:In spectroscopy,the light field(laser or conventional source)is treated classically,i.e.the effect of many photons can be represented very accurately by the classical electro-magnetic field;the atoms/molecules are treated quan
19、tum mechanically and this is called semi-classical theory.In most of this course,we are going to deal with the situations where Light can be treated as Electro-Magnetic wave(obeying Maxwell equation).It is instructive to first review some general properties of wave as Chapter 2 in Hechts book -3-Cha
20、pter 1 General Properties of Wave 1-1 Physical Feature:Classically:Particle:Localized quantity(or property),recall a mass point.Wave:non-localized,recall a sound wave etc.Such classical distinction between wave&particle will fail in quantum theory.1-2 Mathematical Description of Wave-Differential Wa
21、ve Equation (,)x t:1-dimension wave function,represents a spatial distribution and time evolution of wave:22222(,)1(,)x tx txt=(1-1)v in the(1-1)is the velocity of the wave.For 3-dimensional case,wave equation is:22221(,)(,)r tr tt=(1-2)-4-2222222xyz+Laplacian operator If a function(,)r t is a solut
22、ion of the wave equation,and its second partial derivative vs.space and time is non-trivial,then(,)r t represents a wave.A special example(as well as a common case in the course):Wave propagates with a constant shape and phase velocity.(,)()x tf xt=(Fig.2.3,2.4,pg13.Hecht)If you put this back to(1-1
23、),it certainly satisfy the wave equation.-5-The most general solution for wave equation(1-1)will be in the form of(,)()()x tF xvtG xvt=+where the functional form of F and G need to be determined by the initial conditions and boundary value,which will not be fully discussed in our course.It requires
24、Fourier Transform we shall discuss in the later part of the course1.We shall focus on some simple forms of the solution,as the next section concerns.1-3 Harmonic waves(a quick summary)(1)This is the simplest as well as a very important form of wave.(2)Any other wave function(,)x t can be represented
25、 as a superposition of such harmonic waves.(Fourier Expansion)For a harmonic wave(1-dimension):(,)cos()x tAk xt=(1-3)Or(,)cos()x tAkxt=Then:kk=Where 222;2T k=(1-4)The k is wave vector(in 1-D is just a number);|kis the angular 1 It can be found in any standard math textbooks dealing with partial diff
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