语篇翻译模式(王东风).ppt
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1、语篇翻译模式(Toward a Coherent Translation)王东风何为“语篇”“篇”,本义竹简。古人将文章写在竹简上,再用绳子或皮条编集在一起称为“篇”。说文解:“篇,书也。谓书于简册可编者也。”“篇”与text语篇texttexere(拉丁语:编织)Texere的其他衍生词:Texture:A structure of interwoven fibers or other elements(由纤维的交织而形成的结构)Textile:A cloth,especially one manufactured by weaving or knitting(编织物)定义语篇所谓一篇东西,
2、也就是一个完整的语篇。语篇就是一个具有独立交际价值的语言集合体。语篇可以是一本书,也可以是一个字。判断语篇的关键是看其是否具有独立的交际价值。语篇结构一个关系概念texture由fibre,strand,等交错编织而成当text为语篇时,它的texture也同样是由交错着的线索编织而出的,只不过这样的线索不像编织物中的线索那么清晰可辨罢了,然而我们只有理清了语篇中的线索之后,我们才能在认知解读的层面上完成语篇的建构编织物是一个简单的关系网络,语篇是一个复杂的关系网络传统语法与语篇语法传统语法:句内关系语篇语法:句际关系无形的线索,有形的点语篇线索是隐形的,其解读方式是连点成线,由线穿篇这就是语
3、篇分析的任务点的寻找,线的相连相同范畴的点都是潜在的语篇线索相同的范畴往往会有典型和非典型之分,具有不同的标记值,既无标记和有标记。相类于编织物的经线和纬线其他类似术语:常规与变异;常见与反常如:语态:主动与被动;语序:顺序与倒装;语篇线索:连贯点与点相连形成语篇线索,语篇线索有序的编织形成语篇单一的语篇线索称为微观连贯不同的语篇线索或微观连贯的有序性整体称为总体连贯语篇解读的强制性假定:连贯语篇是交际单位,因此从语篇作者的角度出发,他是意在交际,因此他是按总的合作原则来建构语篇的,因此这样的语篇一定是连贯的,因此读者对于真实环境下语篇一般不做不连贯推论即便语篇是残缺的作为关系概念的连贯连贯是
4、一个关系概念:统指与语篇成分解读相关的所有关系,无论是语篇内关系,还是语篇外关系 意义是一种关系效应美是一种关系解读其背后的哲学基础:普遍联系的原理meaning as the total network of relations(Catford,1965:35)连贯的经纬:聚焦文学翻译文学作品的诗学价值是由语言表达的常规和变异的张力关系中体现出来的。文学翻译就是要体现出这种关系的经与纬我们假定常规连贯线索为经线,变异连贯线为纬线语篇分析要点:检验译文语篇结构是否体现出了原文的经纬关系文学翻译的原则以常规对常规,以变异对变异四大连贯构成语篇的关系网络语法连贯语义连贯语用连贯文体连贯一、语法连贯
5、传统语法:关注句内各单位之间关系功能语法:关注句际之间的关系传统语法的视角传统语法的关系原则:合语法性合语法性范畴之内的常规与变异:I have money.(我有钱)Money I have.(钱我有)诗学对既定规则的颠覆:去语法性*I has money.(?我钱有)*I服了You(?)案例1Cultivate poverty like a garden herb,like sage.视贫穷如园中之花而像圣人一样耕植它吧!“圣人”还是?鼠尾草功能语法的视角功能语法的关系原则:句际衔接诗学对既定规则的颠覆:去衔接性五种衔接关系指称(reference)替代(substitution)省略(e
6、llipses)连接(conjunction)词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)He took up a page from the pile of cut sheets(1).The model farm atKinnereth on the lakeshore of Tiberias(2).Can become ideal wintersanatorium(3).Moses Montefiore (4).I thought he was(5).Farmhouse wall round it,blurred cattle cropping(6).案例案例2 2:原文衔接模式分析:原
7、文衔接模式分析省省略略原文中主要有三处衔接纽带:(原文中主要有三处衔接纽带:(2)和()和(3)是由省略、)是由省略、(4)和()和(5)是由指称、()是由指称、(2)和()和(6)是由词汇衔接连接起)是由词汇衔接连接起来的,但值得注意的是:有三对相邻的句子,即(来的,但值得注意的是:有三对相邻的句子,即(1)和)和(2)、()、(3)和()和(4)、()、(5)和()和(6)之间没有衔接关系,)之间没有衔接关系,句际联系断裂明显。句际联系断裂明显。指称指称词汇词汇衔接衔接案例案例2 2分析:原译衔接模式分析分析:原译衔接模式分析 他从那一大摞裁好的报纸上拿了一张(他从那一大摞裁好的报纸上拿了
8、一张(1)。)。上面有上面有太巴列湖畔基尼烈模范农场太巴列湖畔基尼烈模范农场 的的 照片照片(2)。它可以成为一座理想的冬季它可以成为一座理想的冬季休养地(休养地(3 3)。)。我记得那我记得那 农场主农场主 名叫摩西名叫摩西蒙蒂斐奥雷(蒙蒂斐奥雷(4-54-5)。)。一座一座农舍,有围墙,吃草的牛群农舍,有围墙,吃草的牛群 照得照得 模糊不清(模糊不清(6 6)。)。省省略略指指称称词汇衔接:词汇衔接:同现同现词汇词汇衔接:衔接:同现同现词汇词汇衔接:衔接:同现同现(1)和()和(2)之间用显性省略:)之间用显性省略:“报报纸纸一张一张 -报纸报纸上面上面”,译,译文第二句添加了文第二句添加
9、了“上面上面”,故与第一,故与第一句的句的“报纸报纸一张一张”形成省略性衔形成省略性衔接;接;我们注意到:译者对原文我们注意到:译者对原文中几乎所有的衔接断裂处中几乎所有的衔接断裂处都进行了都进行了“修复修复”:(2)和()和(3)之间用指称:)之间用指称:“太巴列太巴列湖畔基尼烈模范农场湖畔基尼烈模范农场它它”,译者,译者在第三句中添加在第三句中添加“它它”,两句之间形,两句之间形成指称性衔接;成指称性衔接;(2)与()与(4-5)以及()以及(6)之间用词汇)之间用词汇衔接连接:衔接连接:“农场农场农场主农场主农舍农舍”,译者在第,译者在第4-5句中添加句中添加“农场主农场主”,小句之间形
10、成词汇衔接;,小句之间形成词汇衔接;(4)和()和(5)之间用合句法加以连接,)之间用合句法加以连接,原文是两句,译文合成了一句,形成原文是两句,译文合成了一句,形成强制性语法整合;强制性语法整合;(2)和和(6)之之间间则则由由词词汇汇衔衔接接连连接接:“照照片片照照得得”,译译文文增增加加了了“照照片片”和和“照照得得”,两两句句之之间间形形成成词词汇汇衔接。衔接。改译他他从从那那一一大大摞摞裁裁好好的的报报纸纸上上拿拿了了一一张张。太太巴巴列列湖湖畔畔基基尼尼烈烈模模范范农农场场。可可以以成成为为一一座座理理想想的的冬冬季季休休养养地地。摩摩西西蒙蒙蒂蒂斐斐奥奥雷雷。我我想想就就是是他他
11、。农农舍舍有有围围墙墙,吃吃草草的的牛牛群群模模糊糊不清。不清。连贯与衔接平行关系主从关系第六种衔接结构重复:时态、语态、排比等等以语态为例语态:主动与被动英汉结构等值比:正比较时态:英汉结构等值比:负案例语篇分析Jane Eyre:Chapter Five 案例案例3 3 page1FIVE oclock had hardly struck on the morning of the nineteenth of January,when Bessie brought a candle into my closet and found me already up and nearly dres
12、sed.I had risen half an hour before her entrance,and had washed my face,and put on my clothes by the light of a half-moon just setting,whose rays streamed through the narrow window near my crib.I was to leave Gateshead that day by a coach which passed the lodge gates at six a.m.Bessie was the only p
13、erson yet risen;she had lit a fire in the nursery,where she now proceeded to make my breakfast.Few children can eat when excited with the thoughts of journey;nor could I.案例案例3 3 page2Bessie,having pressed me in vain to take a few spoonfuls of the boiled milk and bread she had prepared for me,wrapped
14、 up some biscuits in a paper and put them into my bag;then she help me on with my pellise and bonnet,and wrapping herself in a shawl she and I left the nursery.As we passed Mrs Reeds bedroom she said,Will you go in and bid missis good-bye?a short conversation between Jane Eyre and Bessie omitted案例案例
15、3 3 page3The moon was set,and it was very dark;Bessie carried a lantern,whose light glanced on wet steps and gravel road sodden by a recent thaw.Raw and chill was the winter morning;my teeth chattered as I hastened down the drive.There was a light in the porters lodge:when we reached it,we found the
16、 porters wife just kindling her fire:my trunk,which had been carried down the evening before,stood corded at the door.It wanted but a few minutes of six,and shortly after that hour had struck,the distant roll of wheels announced the coming coach;I went to the door and watched its lamps approach rapi
17、dly through the gloom.案例案例3 3 page4 a brief conversation omittedThe coach drew up;there it was at the gates with its four horses and its top laden with passengers:the guard and coachman loudly urged haste;my trunk was hoisted up;I was taken from Bessies neck,to which I clung with kisses.Be sure and
18、take good care of her,cried she to the guard,as he lifted me into the inside.Ah,ah!was the answer:the door was slapped to,a voice exclaimed All right,and on we drove.Thus was I severed from Bessie and Gateshead:thus whirled away to unknown,and,as I then deemed,remote and mysterious regions.I remembe
19、r but little of the journey;I only know that the day seemed to me of a preternatural length,and that we appeared to travel over hundreds of miles of road.We passed through several towns,and in one,a very large one,the coach stopped;the horses were taken out,and the passengers alighted to dine.I was
20、carried into an inn,where the guard wanted me to have some dinner;but,as I had no appetite,he left me in an immense room with a fireplace at each end,a chandelier pendant from the ceiling,and a little red gallery high up against the wall filled with musical instruments.Here I walked about for a long
21、 time,feeling very strange,and mortally apprehensive of someone coming in and kidnapping me;for I believed in kidnappers,their exploits having frequently figured in Bessies fireside chronicles.At last the guard returned:once more I was stowed away in the coach,my protector mounted his own seat,sound
22、ed his hollow horn,and away we rattled over the stony street of L(Charlotte Bront,Jane Eyre.Chap.5:73-5)案例案例3 3 page5案例案例3 3分析分析 page1段落段落 含物质过程的小句含物质过程的小句 语态类型比语态类型比 第一段:准备准备(194个词)1)I had risen2)I.had washed my face3)I.put on my clothes4)I was to leave Gateshead5).nor could I(eat)主动:100%被动:0%第二段:出
23、门出门(117个词)6)I hastened down the drive7)my truck.had been carried downand stood corded8)I went to the door 主动:50%被动:50%零被动。小简爱还没有离开她零被动。小简爱还没有离开她所熟悉的环境,离所熟悉的环境,离“家家”远行远行的事实毕竟还只存在于她的想的事实毕竟还只存在于她的想象之中象之中 被动语态激增。小简爱被领出被动语态激增。小简爱被领出了家门,心开始忐忑不安了家门,心开始忐忑不安 段落段落 含物质过程的小句含物质过程的小句 语态类型比语态类型比 第三至第五段:别离别离(105个词
24、)9)My trunk was hoisted up10)I was taken from Bessies neck 11)I clung to Bessies neck with kisses 12)Thus was I severed from Bessie:13)Thus whirled away to unknown 主动:20%被动:80%第六段:去途去途(181个词)14)I was carried into an inn 15)I walked about for a long time 16)I was stowed away in the coach 主动:33.3%被动:6
25、6.7%案例案例3 3分析分析 page2本段字数最少,被动语态比例却本段字数最少,被动语态比例却最高。小简爱被人从保姆的手中最高。小简爱被人从保姆的手中抱走,方寸大乱,面临一个抱走,方寸大乱,面临一个“未未知、遥远而神秘的世界知、遥远而神秘的世界”逐渐适应陌生的环境,忐忑的心逐渐适应陌生的环境,忐忑的心绪有所缓和,被动语态相应地降绪有所缓和,被动语态相应地降到到66.7%66.7%。概念提示:投射小句语态上的被动所投射的是人物心态的被动案例1中句法形式上由主动向被动的变化正是人物心理由主动向被动变化的投射。文学理论视野中的结构重复文学理论视野中的结构重复“结构的重复与再现到了何种程度才算结构
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