计算物理ComputationalPhysics计算物理 (2).pdf
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1、Computational physiCsEvolution:Is this our final end-result?Outline Brief history of computers Supercomputers Brief introduction of computational science Some basic concepts,tools,examplesBirth of Computational Science(Physics)The first electronic general-purpose computer:Constructed in Moore School
2、 of Electrical Engineering,University of Pennsylvania,1946 ENIAC:Electronic Numerical Integrator And ComputerENIACElectronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Design and construction was financed by the United States Army.Designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Armys Ball
3、istic Research Laboratory.It was heralded in the press as a Giant Brain.It had a speed of one thousand times that of electro-mechanical machines.ENIAC was named an IEEE Milestone in 1987.Gaint Brain ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes,7,200 crystal diodes,1,500 relays,70,000 resistors,10,000 capacit
4、ors and around 5 million hand-soldered joints.It weighed more than 27 tons,took up 167 m2,and consumed 150 kW of power.This led to the rumor that whenever the computer was switched on,lights in Philadelphia dimmed.Input was from an IBM card reader,and an IBM card punch was used for output.Developmen
5、t of micro-computers1981 IBM PC 5150CPU:8088,5 MHzFloppy disk or cassettemodern PCCPU:Intel Core i3,i5,i7,i93 GHzSolid state disk1984 Macintoshmodern iMacSteve JobsSupercomputers Cray-1Seymour Roger Cray(1925-1996)The father of supercomputing,who created the supercomputer industry.The CDC(Control Da
6、ta Corporation)6600,released in 1964,is generally considered the first supercomputer.Cray Inc.Cray-2,the fastest computer between 1985 and 1989.Cray I 1976-1981Cray II 1985-1989.Cray XT5 2009-2010Cray XK7 2012-2013The 1990s to 2000s:ChangeTop 10 supercomputers Fujitsu:Supercomputer Fugaku(1)IBM Powe
7、r System:Summit(2),Sierra(3)NRCPC:Sunway TaihuLight(4)HPE/Cray:Perlmutter(5)Nvidia:Selene(6)NUDT:Tianhe 2A(7)Atos:JUWELS Booster Module(8)Dell EMC:HPC5(9)Microsoft Azure:Voyager-EUS2(10)http:/www.top500.org/RankSiteSystemCoresRmaxRpeakPower(kW)1RIKEN Center for ComputationalA64FX 48C 2.2GHz,Tofu int
8、erconnect D7630848442010537212298992Oak Ridge National LaboratoryIBM Power System AC922,IBM POWER9 22C 3.07GHz,NVIDIA Volta GV100,Dual-rail Mellanox EDR Infiniband2414592148600200795100963Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBM Power System AC922,IBM POWER9 22C 3.1GHz,NVIDIA Volta GV100,Dual-rail
9、Mellanox EDR Infiniband157248094640.012571274384National Supercomputing Center in WuxiSunway TaihuLight-Sunway MPP,Sunway SW26010 260C 1.45 GHz,Sunway 1064960093014.6125436153715Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryHPE Cray EX235n,AMD EPYC 7763 64C 2.45GHz,NVIDIA A100 SXM4 40 GB76185670870937502589N
10、ov.2021Supercomputer-Fugaku-富岳Site:RIKEN Center for Computational ScienceSystem URL:https:/www.r-ccs.riken.jp/en/fugaku/projectManufacturer:FujitsuCores:7,299,072Memory:4,866,048 GBProcessor:A64FX 48C 2.2GHzInterconnect:Tofu interconnect D Power:28,334.50 kWOperating System:Red Hat Enterprise LinuxC
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