法律英语经典表达.doc
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1、法律英语经典表达法律英语经典表达英文中有大量使用频率极高的句型和短语。这些句型和短语在结构上表现 各异,在语言交流中承担不同的功用。不同句型和短语的使用能够反映出作者 的语言风格,职业习惯和教育背景。在长期的翻译实践中,英文的译者就这些 常用的句型和短语形成了共识,使得它们在汉语中都有相对固定的结构和对应 的汉语译法。如英文中的 To kill two birds with one stone 一句, “一箭双雕”的 译法已经广为接受,虽然“一石二鸟”的译法国人也能大略领会到其意思蕴, 但仍然不如“一箭双雕”这个已经在汉语中有着广泛“群众基础”的译法易于 为人们领会,接受。 英文合同英语中的一
2、些句式、短语在其他文类、尤其是日常英语中使用频 率很低,这也是法律英语神秘化的主要原因之一。这甚至是一个相互作用的过 程使用频率低导致人们对之更感陌生,愈感陌生,法律英语则愈加神秘。其 实,在合同英语中,此类句型或短语的数量并不多,只是目前国内对之进行系 统化归纳的著作和文章仍然少见而已,鉴于此,作者将在本章中尝试进行归纳 与梳理。1. in accordance with/pursuant to o根据根据/ /依照依照/ /按照按照的规定的规定合同是当事双方的“法律” 。合同的目的在于尽最大可能使得合同项下的交 易行为依照法律规定或约定来开展,从而双方的交易变得具有可预见性。因此, 合同中
3、会经常出现“根据规定(约定)来采取行动”的表达。其中的“根 据”在长期合同实践中形成了法律人写作的固有取向,那就是使用 in accordance with 或者 pursuant to。EX1: The arbitration is to be administered by the American Arbitration Association and is to be conducted in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association. 仲裁将由美国仲
4、裁协会主持并将根据根据该会的商事仲裁规则进行。EX2: After friendly consultations conducted in accordance with the principles of equality and mutual benefit, the Parties have agreed to enter into a sales contract in accordance with Applicable Laws and the provisions of this Contract. 各方在平等互利的基础上,经友好协商,一致同意依照依照相关法律和本合同 的规定签订
5、一份销售合同。EX3: “Shipment” shall mean the set of Equipment comprising an individual shipment to be delivered to Buyer by Seller pursuant to this Contract. “一批合同设备” 或 “一批货物” 指将由卖方根据根据本合同向买方交付的某批合同设备。1.1. In respect of|f|就就在其它文体的英语中,要表达与某事物相关这一语意,比较常用的是 regarding 或 concerning。此外 in connection with, in rel
6、ation to, relating, with respect to 等也可表示这一含意。但在合同英语中,这些表达的使用频率都不如 in respect of 高,其原因可能在于语气上不如 in respect of 正式,庄重。EX1: Unless in any enactment it is otherwise provided, the period of imprisonment, which may be imposed by a magistrate exercising summarizing jurisdiction, in respect of the non-payme
7、nt of any sum of money adjudged to be paid by a conviction, whether it be a fine or in respect of the property of the subject of the offense, or in respect of the injury done by the offender, or in respect of the default of a sufficient distress to satisfy any such sum, shall be such period as, in t
8、he opinion of the magistrate, will satisfy the justice of the case, but shall not exceed in any case the maximum fixed by the following scale 除成文法另有规定外,由治安法官行使简易程序就就不支付定罪裁定中要求 支付的任何数量金钱(无论系罚金还是犯罪主体的财产)的行为,或者不 支付与犯罪嫌疑人所为损害有关的赔偿金的行为,或不为此等金额之给付 提供足额抵押的行为所课处的刑期,应当系该治安法官认为能够体现案件 公平的刑期,但不得超过下表所列最长刑期Note:
9、这一段话中出现了四个 in respect of,有论者将之斥责为该短语的滥用(李 克兴,张新红) 。从清楚表达文意,减轻读者负担的角度来看,这种“滥用” 对于帮助读者迅速找出文中所述刑期的三个限定成分是非常有益的。in respect of 能够令读者迅速意识到该短语后面的词句是用来限定“ 刑期”的, 性质相同,这样一个较长句子的结构就因此变得明朗了。而且,有的读者 可能认为后面的三个 in respect of 可以略去,四个并列成分之间用 or 连接 就可以清楚表明均系介词 of 的宾语。果真如此,只怕会给读者理解造成极 大困难。读者只要试一试,就知道另外三个 in respect of
10、 其实是必要的重复。EX2: The Contract Price does not cover costs and expenses that are for Buyers account under this Contract, or any taxes (including but not limited to customs duty and value added tax) payable by Buyer in respect of this Contract. 合同总价不含根据本合同应由买方承担的费用和开销,或买方就就本合同应 支付的税款 (包括但不限于关税及增值税)。EX3:T
11、he Acceptance Payment for the Equipment shall be paid by Buyer by T/T within fifteen (15) days after Buyer has received the following documents from Seller: (a) Commercial invoice covering the Acceptance Payment in three (3) originals and three (3) copies; (b) One (1) original and one (1) copy of th
12、e Acceptance Certificate in respect of the Project. 合同项目的验收合格之后的付款,由买方在收到卖方提交的下述文件之后 十五(15)日内以电汇的方式支付: (a) 载明验收合格之后付款金额的商业发票,三(3)份原件和三(3)份复印件;(b) 合同项目的验收合格证书,一(1)份原件和一(1)份复印件。Note: 本例中译者将“in respect of”译为“的”实为翻译技巧纯熟的表现。 因为在这句话中的“Certificate in respect of the Project”若按其原意死译成 “就该项目的验收证书”或者增译成“就该项目制作的
13、验收证书”都不如 “合同项目的验收合格证书”来得简洁明了。EX4: If the Licensee becomes aware that any other person, firm or company alleged that any of the Licensed Trademarks infringes any rights of another party, the Licensee shall immediately give the Licensor in writing full particulars in respect thereof and may make no di
14、sclosure of information or admission to any third party in respect thereof. 如果被许可方荻悉任何其他人、企业或公司宣称被许可商标无效或被许可 商标的使用侵犯了他方权利,被许可方应立即以书面形式将上述详细情况 告知许可方,并不得向任何第三方披露与此有关的信息或承认(侵权) 。Note: In respect thereof 是 in respect of 的一种变化使用形式。Thereof 相当于 of the above-mentioned matters。此处的中文译文恰好是 in respect of 两个主要 译
15、法的总结:一个译成“有关” , 一个译成 “对于” 。总之,其用法相当 于 regaring,但其用法比较灵活,可以与一个包含 of 的古旧副词(thereof) 结合使用。这一点是 concerning 和 regarding 或 with regard of 所不具备的。 EX5: Where an employee is granted any period of annual leave, the employer shall pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on whi
16、ch he is next paid his wages after that period. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap.57, Employment Ordinance, Act. 41 B) 若员工被获准休任何时长的年假,则雇主最迟应于该年假之后首次发放该 员工的工资之日支付该员工的该年假薪酬。EX6: For the purpose of the Landlord and the Tenant Ordinance and for the purpose of these presents the rent in respect of the said premise
17、s shall be deemed to be in arrear if not paid in advance as stipulated by Clause 1 hereof. (ibid) 对于出租人而言,在租赁条条例,本协议及相关文件中,上述物业之租金 或未依本协议第 1 条之规定提前予以支付,则将视为拖欠。Note: 在 EX5 和 EX6 中,in respect of 相当于介词 for:在 EX中为减少表示所 属关系的“的”字引起的阅读障碍, “的”字被省略了,但并不影响读者明 了年假与薪酬之间的关系。万变不离其宗:in respect of 都表示与该短语之 后的名词之间的一
18、种从属关系。 “对于” , “有关”虽然含糊,但却是最 恰当,最不会出错的翻译。2.SAVE/EXCEPT (FOR)/UNLESS|除非除非/除除外外在普通现代英语中,save 是一个妇孺皆知、人人会用的及物动词。在合同 英文中,它是一个与 except(for)相同的介词。词源上这是一个法文词,由于 历史原因,法国人统治英国相当长时间。自然而然,相当数量的、反映法国统 治者意志的法语词进入了合同英语的范畴。save 便是其中较典型的、至今仍然 保留使用的一个。汉语的译文为“除外” 。不管是 save 还是 except(for)之 后都可跟一个名词性短语,也可以跟一个从句或另一个介词短语。
19、由于法律翻 译起草人员通常不太熟悉 save 一词的用法,故中译英的法律中很少用到该词。 自然,普通英语中的习语,except 或 except for 是更常见的表这方式。例如:EX7: Save as otherwise provided in this Contract, each Party shall bear its own legal and other professional costs in relation to the preparation, negotiation and entry into of this Contract. 除非除非本合同另有规定,各方负责自身
20、为准备、谈判和签署合同所花费的律 师和其它专业服务费用。EX8: Notwithstanding any other provision of this Contract, except for breach of confidentiality obligations or infringement of the other Partys IPR, neither Party shall be liable to the other Party for damages for loss of revenues or profits, loss of goodwill or any indir
21、ect or consequential damages in connection with the performance or non-performance of this Contract. 无论本合同其他条款有何规定,任何一方均不向另一方承担因本合同的履 行或不履行而造成的收入或利润丧失、商誉丧失或任何间接或附带性损失 的赔偿责任但该方有违反保密义务或侵犯知识产权情形的除外除外EX9: Unless the terms or context of this Contract otherwise provide, this Contract shall be interpreted
22、in accordance with Schedule A, and each of the terms used herein shall have the meaning ascribed to it in Schedule A (Definitions and Interpretation) or Schedule B (Special Terms) as the case may be. 除本合同条款或上下文另有所指,本合同应根据附录一进行解释,本合 的定义见附录一(定义和解释)和附录二(特别条款) ,以适用者为准。EX10: Except as stipulated in Artic
23、le 255 of this code, where a total loss occurs to the subject matter insured and the full insured amount is paid, the insurer shall acquire the full right to the subject matter insured. in the case of under-insurance, the insurer shall acquire the right to the subject matter insured in the proportio
24、n that the insured amount bears to the insured value. 除本法第二百五十六条的规定之外,保险标的的发生全额,保险人支付全 部保险金额的,取得对保险标的全部权利;但是,在不足额保险的情况下, 保险人按照保险金额与保险价值的比例取得对保险标的的部分权利。EX11:Except as provided in Articles 208 and 209 of this Code下列海事赔偿请求,除本法第二百零八条和第二百零九条另有规定外Note: 事实上, Save/except as (is)provided/stipulated 可以用另一个法律上
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