考研英语阅读王文轲讲义阅A.docx
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1、Reading Comprehension Part A2008Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modem life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,“ according to
2、 Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several
3、of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities“ for stress.Its not necessarily that women don
4、t cope as well. Ifs just that they have so much more to cope with, says Dr. Yehuda.叮heir capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,” she observes,“its jusl that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes anot
5、her difference between the sexes.I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are
6、 exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined t
7、o finish college. struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother.Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent,
8、 pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importa
9、nce of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?A. Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B. Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.C. Women are more exp
10、erienced than men in coping with stress.D. Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehudas research suggests that womenA. need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress. B. have limited capacity for tolerating stress.C. are more capable of avoiding stress.D. are expo
11、sed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to beA. domestic and temporary.B. irregular and violent.C. durable and frequent.D. trivial and random.24. The sentence lived from paycheck to paycheck.(Line 6, Para.5) shows thatA. Alvarez cared about nothing but making
12、 money.B. Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.C. Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.D. Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B. Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC. Str
13、ess Analysis: What Chemicals SayD. Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from
14、 the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The I
15、nternetand pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it-is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a
16、report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until
17、now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billio
18、n. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report,
19、some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the reports authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay fbr access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements
20、. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay fbr the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist t
21、hat are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper fbr the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-re view process, at least fbr the pu
22、blication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discussesA. the background information of journal editing.B. the publication routine of laboratory reports.C. the relations of authors with journal publishers.D. the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is tr
23、ue of the OECD report?A. It criticizes government-funded research.B. It introduces an effective means of publication.C. It upsets profit-making journal publishers.D. It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in thatA. it provides an eas
24、ier access to scientific results.B. it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C. it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D. it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required toA. cover the cost o
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