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1、How to Establish a Bioregenerative Life Support Systemfor Long-Term Crewed Missions to the Moon or MarsYuming Fu,1,2,3,*Leyuan Li,1,2,3,*Beizhen Xie,1,2,3,*Chen Dong,1,2,3,*Mingjuan Wang,1,3,*Boyang Jia,1Lingzhi Shao,1,2Yingying Dong,1,3Shengda Deng,1,2Hui Liu,1,3Guanghui Liu,1,2Bojie Liu,1,2Dawei H
2、u,1,3and Hong Liu1,2,3AbstractTo conduct crewed simulation experiments of bioregenerative life support systems on the ground is a criticalstep for human life support in deep-space exploration.An artificial closed ecosystem named Lunar Palace 1was built through integrating efficient higher plant cult
3、ivation,animal protein production,urine nitrogenrecycling,and bioconversion of solid waste.Subsequently,a 105-day,multicrew,closed integrative bio-regenerative life support systems experiment in Lunar Palace 1 was carried out from February through May2014.The results show that environmental conditio
4、ns as well as the gas balance between O2and CO2in thesystem were well maintained during the 105-day experiment.A total of 21 plant species in this system kept aharmonious coexistent relationship,and 20.5%nitrogen recovery from urine,41%solid waste degradation,and a small amount of insect in situ pro
5、duction were achieved.During the 105-day experiment,oxygen andwater were recycled,and 55%of the food was regenerated.Key Words:Bioregenerative life support systems(BLSS)Space agricultureSpace life supportWaste recycleWater recycle.Astrobiology 16,925936.1.IntroductionCurrent strategies to further ex
6、plore space,such asNASAs Design Reference Architecture or Chinaslunar exploration program(Zheng et al.,2008;Drake et al.,2010),strongly suggest the development of bioregenerativelife support systems(BLSS)that can be fully incorporatedinto space stations,transit vehicles,and eventually habitatson the
7、 Moon and Mars(Dempster et al.,2004;Tong et al.,2011).Utilization of BLSS would decrease resupply massby regenerating essential resources for human use throughbiologicalprocesses.WithinBLSS,thecultivationofhigherplants takes a crucial role,as they can contribute to all majorfunctional aspects(e.g.,f
8、ood production,carbon dioxidereduction,oxygen production,water recycling,and wastemanagement)(Wheeler et al.,1993;Tikhomirov et al.,2003).The ultimate goal of this technology is to create asustainable life support ecological environment that is openwith respect to energy but closed with respect to m
9、ass(Massa et al.,2007).Technological innovation of BLSSunit components for biomass production and waste re-cycling is of particular interest for a number of researchersfrom various countries,including the United States,Russia,Japan,Canada,Germany,and China.Recent advances inunit technologies,particu
10、larly in the development of high-efficiency plant cultivation(Fu et al.,2013;Dong et al.,2014c),animal protein production(Yu et al.,2008b;Liet al.,2016),nitrogen recovery from urine(Kabdasli et al.,2006),and bioconversion of solid wastes into soil-likesubstrate(Yu et al.,2008a;He et al.,2010;Tikhomi
11、rovet al.,2011),provide unparalleled opportunities to improvetheclosurecoefficientofBLSSforthereductionofstowage,the resupply of life support materials,and the provision ofmore reasonable and balanced diets for crews.As a simple model,BLSS address the interactions amongorganisms and their environmen
12、t as an integrated systemthrough the study of factors that regulate the pools andfluxes of materials and energy through the ecosystem.Theflow of energy and materials through organisms and thephysical environment provides a framework for under-standing the diversity of form and functioning of Earthsp
13、hysical and biological processes.The unique contributionof BLSS is their focus on biotic and abiotic factors as in-teracting components of a single integrated system.Despite progress in the technology of BLSS unit compo-nents,the development of feasible bioregenerative systems1School of Biological S
14、cience and Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing,China.2Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology,Beihang University,Beijing,China.3International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing,China.*These authors con
15、tributed equally to this work.ASTROBIOLOGYVolume 16,Number 12,2016 Mary Ann Liebert,Inc.DOI:10.1089/ast.2016.1477925requires the integration of these units into a single system.Russian(BIOS-3,36 months)(Gitelson et al.,1989;Salis-bury et al.,1997)and Japanese investigators(CEEF,14weeks)(Tako et al.,
16、2008,2011)have conducted crewedsimulation experiments by integrating several BLSS unitcomponents on the ground.These studies demonstrate thatthe different biological components and operational methodsresult in changes of mass circulation and migration in BLSS(Nelson et al.,2009;Tong et al.,2012).The
17、 information onBLSS mass flow integrated with currently available new unittechnologies,as mentioned above,is therefore needed toestablish realistic BLSS in the future.In the present study,we established a ground-based ex-perimental BLSS platform(Lunar Palace 1)by integratingatmospheric management,cr
18、op production,insect breeding,waste recovery,and water-processing compartments.Withthis system,we performed a 105-day,multicrew,closedintegrative experiment wherein several new technologies forBLSS that comprise high-efficiency plant cultivation,ani-mal protein production,urine nitrogen recycling,an
19、d bio-conversion of solid wastes into soil-like substrate wereapplied.The mass flow of the system was analyzed andcompared with other published reports.Moreover,we alsoexplored the quantitative relationships of material fluxamong different components of the system.Efforts likeLunar Palace 1 will yie
20、ld important information in prepa-ration for missions to the Moon or Mars.2.Materials and Methods2.1.Sealed research facilityThe integrative,ground-based,experimental facility forPermanent Astrobase Life-support Artificial Closed Ecosys-tem(P.A.L.A.C.E.)was rigorously designed according to thedefini
21、tion of BLSS and is referred to as Lunar Palace 1.Lunar Palace 1 comprises a comprehensive cabin and twoplant cultivation cabins.Its construction was divided intotwo stages.The first stage included construction of a1432.5m comprehensive cabin and a 105.83.5mplant cabin,which have the capacity to pro
22、vide three crewmembers with a life support environment.In the secondstage,another plant cabin will be built,with a capacity forfive members to live.The present study was conducted byusing the Lunar Palace 1 first-stage facility.The compre-hensive cabin included four private bedrooms,a living room,a
23、bathroom,and a room for waste treatment.The plant cul-tivation cabin was subdivided into two rooms,that is,plant-culture room 1 and 2.The environmental conditions withinthese two plant rooms were controlled separately,accordingto the growth demands of different plants.To provide ahermetic environmen
24、t,the facilitys shell was welded stain-less steel plates,and all cabin doors were tightly sealed withsilicon gaskets.We used far higher CO2concentrationchanges to test the leakage rate of the closed system(Dempster et al.,2009;Tong et al.,2011),and a leakage rateof 0.04%per day was obtained(Dong et
25、al.,2016a).2.2.Key modulesNew unit technologies,including nitrogen recovery fromurine,soil-like substrate preparation by co-fermentation ofstraw and human feces,and animal protein production usingplant wastes were integrated into Lunar Palace 1.In terms offunction,Lunar Palace 1 was divided into thr
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