太空生存太空生存太空生存 (1).pdf
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1、Conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support systemcontaining crops and silkwormsEnzhu Hua,Sergey I.Bartsevb,Hong Liua,*aLab of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,ChinabInstitute of Biophysic
2、s,SB RAS,Krasnoyarsk 660036,RussiaReceived 12 January 2009;received in revised form 19 October 2009;accepted 29 November 2009AbstractThis article summarizes a conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support system for permanent lunar base or planetary exploration.Thesystemconsistsofsevencompartm
3、entshigherplantscultivation,animalrearing,humanhabitation,waterrecovery,wastetreatment,atmospheremanagement,andstorages.Fifteenkindsofcrops,suchaswheat,rice,soybean,lettuce,andmulberry,wereselectedasmainlifesupportcontributorstoprovidethecrewwithair,water,andvegetablefood.Silkwormsfedbycropleaveswer
4、edesignatedtoproducepartialanimalnutritionforthecrew.Variousphysical-chemicalandbiologicalmethodswerecombinedtoreclaimwastewaterandsolidwaste.Con-densate collected from atmosphere was recycled into potable water through granular activated carbon adsorption,iodine sterilization,andtrace element suppl
5、ementation.All grey water was also purified though multifiltration and ultraviolet sterilization.Plant residue,humanexcrement,silkwormfeces,etc.weredecomposedintoinorganicsubstanceswhichwerefinallyabsorbedbyhigherplants.Somemeat,ingre-dients,as well as nitrogen fertilizer were prestored and resuppli
6、ed periodically.Meanwhile,the same amount and chemical composition oforganicwastewasdumpedtomaintainthesteadystateofthesystem.Anutritionalbalanceddietwasdeveloped bymeansofthelinearpro-gramming method.It could provide 2721 kcal of energy,375.5 g of carbohydrate,99.47 g of protein,and 91.19 g of fat
7、per capita per day.Silkwormpowdercovered12.54%oftotalanimalproteinintakes.Thebalanceofmaterialflowsbetweencompartmentswasdescribedbythesystemofstoichiometricequations.Basiclifesupportrequirementsforcrewsincludingoxygen,food,potableandhygienewatersummedupto 29.68 kg per capita per day.The coefficient
8、 of system material closure reached 99.40%.?2009 COSPAR.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Bioregenerative life support system;Design;Nutrition;Stoichiometric modeling;Silkworm1.IntroductionGreat developments of manned space flight have beenflourishing in China since the end of t
9、he twentieth century.It plans to put the taikonauts on the moon and set up apermanent lunar base in years or decades.To support thesemanned space explorations,a series of Bioregenerative LifeSupport System(BLSS)studies has been conducting in Bei-hang University.It is generally accepted that physical
10、-chemical(PC)approaches are cost-effective for short missions;while forthe missions of extended duration and multiple-crew size,life support should be complemented by bioregenerativeprocesses,although they are mostly untested and,in somecases,controversial(e.g.Jones,2006).It has been demon-strated t
11、hat higher plants could supply clean air,drinkablewater,most food and good psychological state for main-taining a habitable environment(Perchonok and Bourland,2002;Salisbury et al.,1997;Wolverton,1980).Moreover,various effective waste processing techniques could alsobe employed to involve most mater
12、ial into biological turn-over(Bubenheim and Wydeven,1994;Gros et al.,2003;Wignarajah et al.,2000;Zolotukhin et al.,2005).Diets in the BLSS might well be largely vegetarianfoods.But not every astronaut is vegan.Animals may also0273-1177/$36.00?2009 COSPAR.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved
13、.doi:10.1016/j.asr.2009.11.022*Corresponding author.Tel./fax:+86 10 8233 9837.E-mail address:(H.Liu) online at Advances in Space Research 45(2010)929939play an important part in food production system.Ofcourse,some meat might be resupplied from the earth tothe moon,even to the mars.Nevertheless,it m
14、ight resultin tremendous costs associated with current food preserva-tion technology and space launch capacities(Cenci-McGr-ody and Stiller,1997;Cle ment,2005;Lane et al.,2007).This article describes a conceptual scheme of a BLSSdesigned on the basis of the preliminary works(Liuet al.,2008;Xu and Li
15、u,2008;Yang et al.,2009;Yuet al.,2008).Silkworms as well as 15 kinds of higher plantswere selected as food source in the BLSS.The purpose ofthis on-going study was to identify the mass flow character-istics of the BLSS for human missions on the permanentlunar or planetary base on a per capita per da
16、y basis.2.Nutritional requirementsOneoftheprimaryissuesistoidentifytheadequatenutri-ent intakes for manned space flight.Nutrition concerns,including energy intake,macronutrient balance,vitaminand mineral deficiencies or excesses,and environmental fac-tors,are especially important for space travelers
17、,becausethey are exposed to a limited and closed environment forsuch a long time.The nutritional requirements depend on body mass,age,sex,and physical activity level.It is assumed that the BLSSinhabitants are healthy normotensive men,3060 years old,average body mass of 65 kg;and their physical activ
18、ity lev-els are moderate during the mission.According to theseassumptions,the recommendations of World Health Orga-nization(WHO),National Aeronautics and Space Admin-istration(NASA),and Chinese Nutrition Society(CNS)are summarized(see Table 1).However,nutrient requirements for long-duration spacemis
19、sions have not been accurately determined.Availableliteratures have suggested that the conditions of spaceflightdo affect the levels of some nutrients required in the humandiet.For example,the requirements of protein,calcium andiron have to be modified since they may cause healthyproblems in space(L
20、upton and Turner,2002;Smith andZwart,2008;Zerwekh,2002).3.System general descriptionBasically,the term bioregenerative lifesupportcomprisesfour main functions:atmosphere revitalization,food pro-duction,waste reclamation and water recycling.Fig.1 sche-matically depicts the essential components of the
21、 BLSS higherplantscultivation,animalrearing,humanhabitation,water recovery,waste treatment,atmosphere management,and storages.3.1.Higher plants cultivationOne of the most important considerations in developinga sustainable BLSS involves selection of appropriate candi-date crop species.Fifteen specie
22、s of higher plants includingcereals,legumes,vegetables,spices and condiments wereselected in accordance with a set of criteria to provide acomplete nutrition and dietary variety(see Table 2)(Xuand Liu,2008;Yang et al.,2002,2004).Plants are grown in artificial substrate with hydroponicsolution.A mixt
23、ure of about 3=7NH4=NO?3,which is com-monly believed to be able to increase yield compared toNO?3only,is used as nitrogen source(Gentry et al.,1989;Heberer and Below,1989;Muhlestein et al.,1999).Another benefit of using a mixture of NH4=NO?3is tomaintain pH homeostasis in hydroponic solution(Lea-Cox
24、 et al.,1999;Mackowiak et al.,1990;Muhlesteinet al.,1999).The artificial lighting,for example metalhalide or high-pressure sodium lamps,are used to producethe mean photosynthetically active radiation(PAR)of700900 lmol m?2s?1.The photoperiod regime dependson the plant species.For long-day plant,such
25、as wheatand radish,it is 24 h constant light;and for short-dayplant,such as rice and soybean,it is 12 h light/12 h dark.Atmosphere temperature in the plant growth chamber ismaintained at 2427?C.An intensive agriculture will be practiced to grow a max-imum quantity of usable biomass in an area as sma
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