太空生存太空生存太空生存 (37).pdf
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1、Rearing Tenebrio molitor in BLSS:Dietary fiber affects larvalgrowth,development,and respiration characteristicsLeyuan Lia,b,c,d,Michael Stasiakd,n,Liang Lia,b,c,Beizhen Xiea,b,c,Yuming Fua,b,c,Danuta Gidzinskid,Mike Dixond,Hong Liua,b,c,nnaSchool of Biological Science and Medical Engineering,Beihang
2、 University,Beijing 100191,ChinabInstitute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,ChinacInternational Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,ChinadControlled Environment Systems Resear
3、ch Facility,School of Environmental Sciences,University of Guelph,Guelph,Ontario,Canada N1G 2W1a r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 25 January 2015Received in revised form30 September 2015Accepted 1 October 2015Available online 22 October 2015Keywords:Dietary fiberStoichiometricRespiratory
4、quotientClosed respiratory chamberTenebrio molitor L.a b s t r a c tRearing of yellow mealworm(Tenebrio molitor L.)will provide good animal nutrition forastronauts in a bioregenerative life support system.In this study,growth and biomass con-version data of T.molitor larvae were tested for calculati
5、ng the stoichiometric equation of itsgrowth.Result of a respiratory quotient test proved the validity of the equation.Fiber had themost reduction in mass during T.molitor0s consumption,and thus it is speculated that fiber isan important factor affecting larval growth of T.molitor.In order to further
6、 confirm thishypothesis and find out a proper feed fiber content,T.molitor larvae were fed on diets with4 levels of fiber.Larval growth,development and respiration in each group were comparedand analyzed.Results showed that crude-fiber content of 5%had a significant promotingeffect on larvae in earl
7、y instars,and is beneficial for pupa eclosion.When fed on feed of 510%crude-fiber,larvae in later instars reached optimal levels in growth,development andrespiration.Therefore,we suggest that crude fiber content in feed can be controlled within 510%,and with the consideration of food palatability,a
8、crude fiber of 5%is advisable.&2015 IAA.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionArtificial rearing of yellow mealworm(Tenebrio molitor L.)mainly serves to fulfill the demands of feed for pets andlivestock;however,there is considerable interest in the use ofthis insect as a potent
9、ially valuable source of food for humans1.In bioregenerative life support systems(BLSSs)for futurelong-term and far-distance manned space missions,T.molitoris a potential source of animal food for astronauts 2.A BLSSis an artificial closed ecosystem similar to the Earth0s bio-sphere 3.The necessitie
10、s for crew life support(e.g.plantfood,animal food,air,water,etc.)circulate in the systemusing bioregenerative processes combined with physico-chemical technologies to greatly save launch costs,as wellas significantly decreasing waste products.It has been dis-cussed that rearing insects in a BLSS has
11、 some advantages 4,and recent research has reported that rearing T.molitor in aBLSS as a source of food for astronauts is feasible andimportant 2.T.molitor has a good nutritional profile withhigh protein value,a good composition of essential aminoacids,is unsusceptible to disease,and can reach a rel
12、ativelyhigh growth rate and a high economic coefficient whileadapting to higher rearing densities.1.In addition,itContents lists available at ScienceDirectjournal homepage: Astronauticahttp:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.10.0030094-5765/&2015 IAA.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.n
13、Corresponding author.Tel.:1 519 824 4120 x54844;fax:1 519 837 0442.nnCorresponding author at:School of Biological Science and MedicalEngineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China.Tel./fax:86 10 82339837.E-mail addresses:mstasiakuoguelph.ca(M.Stasiak),LH(H.Liu).Acta Astronautica 118(2016)130136
14、requires only light labor for rearing,which saves crew0sworking time.Most importantly,this insect can be fed oninedible plant biomass in a BLSS,e.g.straw,bran,vegetableroots,etc.,so as to act as an important link in the wastetreatment process 2.To introduce T.molitor into a progressive BLSS,the firs
15、tconcern is using limited inedible plant biomass to fulfillT.molitor0s requirement for food.Nearly 50%of inedibleplant biomass in a conceptual BLSS is composed of cropstraw 5,which is quite different with the types of feedwidely used in terrestrial agriculture,i.e.feed from a BLSScontains a much hig
16、her proportion of lignocelluloses.Aproper diet made from a suitable proportion of ingredientswith an appropriate degree of microbial fermentation couldprovide substances and energy for T.molitor rearing.Forreducing cost in terrestrial agriculture,feed could also beobtained by means of microbial ferm
17、entation of crop straw.It is noteworthy that the midgut of T.molitor containsenzymes and micro-organisms capable of lignocellulosedegradation 6.Therefore,we hypothesize that the oxida-tion of fiber is an important part in the metabolic activity ofT.molitor,as it provides material and energy for T.mo
18、litorslife activities.However,considering feed ingestion anddigestion,high fiber content in feed would lead to increasedhardness(difficulty of chewing),and thus decreases feedpalatability.Therefore,either too high or too low in feedfiber content could both lead to growth inhibition.Quantitative anal
19、ysis of the oxidation of substratesduring T.molitor metabolic growth can be made by cal-culating the stoichiometric equation,which gives a quan-titative interpretation of the metabolic process 5.In order to reveal the role that oxidative decomposition offiber plays in T.molitors metabolic activity,a
20、nd subsequentlyfind out a proper dietary fiber content for T.molitor,thestoichiometric equation was calculated,and the effect ongrowth,development and respiratory metabolism of differentlevels of feed fiber content was examined in this study.2.Materials and methods2.1.Materials2.1.1.Larval T.molitor
21、T.molitor larvae for testing growth and calculatingstoichiometric equation were a laboratory-reared breed(No.TA?TA)obtained from the Institute of EnvironmentalBiology and Life Support Technology,Beihang University.T.molitor larvae for testing the effect of different fibercontent on larval growth,dev
22、elopment and respirationwere obtained from Super Cricket Cricket Farm,Inc.,Canada.2.1.2.Feed preparationMixed fermentation of feed:Feed used in the cultiva-tion experiment for calculating stoichiometric equation ofT.molitor growth and in the RQ testing was made throughfermentation of a 1:1 mixture o
23、f wheat bran and wheatstraw.The microbial inoculants were obtained from Beij-ing Healthhead Science&Technology Co.,Ltd.,China.Themixture was fermented in a sealed bag for anaerobicfermentation,and was fermented under 28 C for 48 h.After fermentation,the feed was dried in a 80 C dryer tolower its moi
24、sture content to approximately 18%.Feeds with four levels of crude-fiber:these feeds weremade from natural,food-grade materials.Wheat flour andwheat bran were obtained from Bulk Barn Foods Limited,Canada.Straw was not used in this test to eliminate thepotential interference of allelochemicals 7 whic
25、h may havean effect on T.molitor 6.Instead,the wheat bran was washedto reduce starch and to subsequenty raise the fiber content.We determined the crude fiber of wheat flour,wheat branand washed wheat bran by the Weende method(OperatingManual of Velp Scientifica 8 and Chinese standard No.GB/T6434-200
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