太空生存太空生存太空生存 (3).pdf
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1、Ecological Engineering 43(2012)91 94Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectEcological Engineeringj ourna l ho me page: communicationThe fluxes of carbon,nitrogen and water in the multibiological life supportsystemLing Tong1,Ming Li1,Enzhu Hu1,Yuming Fu,Beizhen Xie,Hong LiuLaboratory of En
2、vironmental Biology and Life Support Technology,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,Chinaa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 25 October 2011Received in revised form27 December 2011Accepted 31 January 2012Available online 29 March 2012Keywo
3、rds:Multibiological life support systemLettuceSilkwormCondensateElement balancea b s t r a c tTo establish bioregenerative life support systems(BLSS)on lunar or mars bases,firstly,it is necessaryto conduct BLSS experiments including humans and various kinds of creatures on the ground.Carbonand nitro
4、gen balances as well as water cycle are the important subjects that need to be studied.Toprovide basis for establishing a manned BLSS,a multibiological life support system composed of lettuce,silkworm and algae was set up in this study to carry out gas exchange investigation between humans andthe sy
5、stem.During this process,the production rate and quality of condensate,substance flows of lettuce,silkworm and algae in and out of the system as well as carbon and nitrogen contents of these substanceswere studied.Results showed water was completely cycled in the system and condensate quality wasrel
6、atively good,certain amounts of carbon and nitrogen were accumulated in the system and existed inthe form of microorganisms.Crown Copyright 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionIn bioregenerative life support systems applied during long-term deep space exploration with lo
7、ng distance,basic livingmaterials must be self-sufficiently provided,i.e.,the system mustpossess relatively high closure degree(Bartsev et al.,1996;Bartsev,2003;Morowitz et al.,2005).Besides,environmental engineers canestablish small-scale closed ecosystem including several biologicalunits similar t
8、o bioregenerative life support systems on the groundto study mass circulation and migration as well as transformationprinciples of the natural ecosystem(Toscano et al.,2009;Kotti et al.,2010).Therefore,it is necessary to investigate the balance of mainelements in the system(Tong and Liu,2011;Tong et
9、 al.,2011).In Russian BIOS-3 experiments with humans,researchers pro-cessed drinking water and sanitary water in the higher plant andalgae cultivation units via ion exchange and carbon filter.Throughdetecting COD,pH and mineral element(Na+,K+,Ca2+,Mg2+,etc.)contents of the above water,it is found th
10、at water in the system isconformed to the sanitary standard and can be utilized as potablewater.The dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorous is controllableand balanced in the system(?teh et al.,1975).Corresponding author.Tel.:+86 10 8233 9837;fax:+86 10 8233 9837.E-mail address:LH(H.Liu).1The authors c
11、ontributed equally to this work.In CEEF system,researchers monitored condensate productionrates;meanwhile,condensate was reused as transpiration replen-isher of hydroponic nutrient liquid.Abandoned nutrient of growingrice and other crops were reused in the system after microfiltrationand reverse osm
12、osis membranes processes(Abe et al.,2005;Takoet al.,2008).Biological units and operation methods of different life supportsystems are distinct from each other,so element flow,water cycleand condensate quality of the systems were different(Nelson et al.,2009;Tako et al.,2001).Therefore,it is necessar
13、y to study the aboveproblems of the multibiological life support system established inthis study to provide some experimental basis for establishing lifesupport system in the future.2.Materials and methods2.1.Integrative experimental systemAn integrative experimental system(IES)composed of a CICS(To
14、ng et al.,2011)and a Plate Photo-Bioreactor(PPB)was estab-lished.The PPB includes an automatic control system and a flatalgae bioreactor with two LED panels as light source.In the system,lettuce and Chlorella vulgaris were cultivatedto satisfy humans O2requirement,silkworms(Bombyx Mori L.)regarded a
15、s animal protein source for astronauts were cultivated ina conveyer-type manner to study gas exchange between humansand the multibiological system.0925-8574/$see front matter.Crown Copyright 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.01.02392L.Tong et al./Ecologica
16、l Engineering 43(2012)91 942.2.Biological units in the system2.2.1.Lettuce cultivationIn the plant cultivating chamber(PCC),five batches of red leavelettuce(Lactuca sativa var.capatata L.)with four-day growth inter-val were cultivated hydroponically(Tong et al.,2011).2.2.2.Animal breedingEvery day,m
17、ulberry leaves and stem lettuce leaves were trans-ferred into the animal breeding chamber(ABC)through massexchange chamber to feed the silkworms(Bombyx Mori L.)from the1st instar to the 3rd instar and the silkworms from the 4th instar tothe 5th instar,respectively(Tong and Liu,2011;Tong et al.,2011)
18、.2.2.3.Chorella vulgaris cultivationAccording to the biomass increment rate of the microalgae,cer-tain amount of algae liquid was carried out from PPB,meanwhile,certain amount of nutrient liquid was supplemented.2.3.Rules of gas exchange between humans and the systemMetabolic levels of four healthy
19、male testers without smokinghabit were normal.During the experiment,they did not take upany medicine(Tong et al.,2011).2.4.Water cycle in the systemWhen there was only lettuce cultivated in the system,certainamount of deionized water was supplemented to the plant cul-tivation chamber through mass ex
20、change chamber according tobiomass increment and water content of lettuce taken out of thesystem.When the biggest lettuce were carried out of the systemand the smallest lettuce were transferred into the system every fourdays,light expanded clay aggregate(LECA)used as growing sub-stance of the bigges
21、t batch of lettuce was taken out of the system.Meanwhile,dry LECA of the smallest batch of lettuce was put intothe plant chamber.Because certain amount of water was taken outof the system along with the biggest batch of lettuce,this part ofwater should be supplemented after harvest every four days.W
22、henlettuce and algae were simultaneously cultivated in the system,water was replenished according to water content of algae liquidand lettuce carried out.Besides,no other water was replenished;therefore,self-circulation of water in the system was realized.Condensate firstly flew into 0.008 m3of tank
23、 under the temper-ature and humidity regulating chamber of CICS,and then flew intonutrient liquid storage tank under the plant cultivation chamber.Thus,the complete water cycle was realized.2.5.Condensate quality measurementpH,total organic carbon(TOC),total dissolved solid(TDS)andvolatile organic c
24、arbon(VOC)of condensates produced in the sys-tem under different running conditions were tested with pH meter(USA,Thermo Orion,868),TOC analyzer(Japan,SHIMADZU,V-CPHSB-005),electroconductivity meter(Italy,Hanna,HZ8733)and gasphase-liquid chromatography(USA,Agilent,GC6890-MS5973).2.6.Carbon and nitro
25、gen measurementCarbon and nitrogen contents of the substance in the systemwere measured with an element analyzing equipment(Germany,Elementar Vario,EL).3.Results and discussion3.1.Water cycle in the systemWhen only lettuce was cultivated in the system,production rateof evapotranspiration water retur
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