太空生存太空生存太空生存 (9).pdf
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1、The water treatment and recycling in 105-day bioregenerative life supportexperiment in the Lunar Palace 1Beizhen Xiea,b,c,Guorong Zhua,b,c,Bojie Liua,b,Qiang Sua,b,Shengda Denga,b,Lige Yanga,b,Guanghui Liua,b,c,Chen Donga,b,c,Minjuan Wanga,b,c,Hong Liua,b,c,*aSchool of Biological Science and Medical
2、 Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,ChinabInstitute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,ChinacInternational Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology&Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,ChinaA R T I C L E I N F OK
3、eywords:Water recycling system of the Lunar Palace 1Bioregenerative life support systemMembrane-biological activated carbon reactorCondensate waterSanitary&kitchen wastewaterUrine treatmentA B S T R A C TIn the bioregenerative life support system(BLSS),water recycling is one of the essential issues.
4、The Lunar Palace1,a ground-based bioregenerative life support system experimental facility,has been developed by our team and a105-day closed bioregenerative life support experiment with multi-crew involved has been accomplished withinthis large-scale facility.During the 105-day experiment,activated
5、 carbon-absorption/ultra-filtration,membrane-biological activated carbon reactor and reduced pressure distillation technology have been used to purify thecondensate water,sanitary&kitchen wastewater and urine,respectively.The results demonstrated that thecombination of those technologies can achieve
6、 100%regeneration of the water inside the Lunar Palace 1.Thepurified condensate water(the clean water)could meet the standards for drinking water quality in China(GB5749-2006).The treatment capacity of the membrane-biological activated carbon reactor for sanitary&kitchen wastewater could reach 150 k
7、g/d.During the 105-d experiment,the average volume loading of thebioreactor was 0.441 kgCOD/(m3d),and the average COD removal efficiency was about 85.3%.The quality of thepurified sanitary&kitchen wastewater(the greywater)could meet the standards for irrigation water quality(GB50842005).In addition,
8、during the 105-day experiment,the total excreted urine volume of three crew memberswas 346 L and the contained water was totally treated and recovered.The removal efficiency of ion from urinewas about 88.12%.Moreover,partial nitrogen within the urine was recovered as well and the average recoveryrat
9、io was about 20.5%.The study laid a foundation for the water recycling technologies which could be used inBLSS for lunar or Mars bases.1.IntroductionBioregenerative life support system(BLSS)is very important to pro-vide indispensable living conditions for astronauts in the manned spaceactivities suc
10、h as lunar/Mars bases or deeper space exploration,andwater recyclingis one of the key components for achievinghigher closureof BLSS.The types of wastewater in BLSS include the condensate waterthrough the evapotranspiration of higher plants and plant-cultivationsubstrate,the sanitary wastewater from
11、tooth brushing,bathing,laundry,etc.,the kitchen wastewater from food-processing and dining,and other wastewater from equipment operation and human metabolism(sweat,respiration moisture,urine,feces,etc.).The completed treatmentand recycling of those different types of wastewater will be of importants
12、ignificance to improve the system closure,reduce supplies from theearth,lower the operation cost,and to create better living environmentfor the astronauts in long-term space exploration.Many developed countries have started to study BLSS since early1960s,and they have basically reached a consensus t
13、hat in order to putBLSS into practice in space,large-scale experimental BLSS facilitiesshould be built to verify the feasibility and reliability first.Therefore,ground-based experimental BLSSs and related test beds have been con-structed and investigated for decades,such as the BIOS series in Russia
14、(the Soviet Union),Bio-Plex in the USA,CEEF in Japan and MELiSSAproject led by European Space Agency,in which the water recyclingsystems have been designed and established by using different technicalprocesses 16.In China,the investigation of BLSS was started late and mainlyfocused on the key elemen
15、tal technologies,the conceptual configuration*Corresponding author.School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China.E-mail address:LH(H.Liu).Contents lists available at ScienceDirectActa Astronauticajournal homepage: 8 January 2017;Received in revised form
16、 25 May 2017;Accepted 21 August 2017Available online 24 August 20170094-5765/2017 IAA.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Acta Astronautica 140(2017)420426design and the simulation modeling of BLSS,etc.711.A large-scaleexperimental BLSS needed to be built urgently to verify and consum-mate
17、 the technologies.Therefore,in 2013,a ground-based bio-regenerative life support system experimental facility “Lunar Palace 1”(stage I)was developed by our team,which consists of one comprehen-sive cabin(42 m2)for crews living,animal breeding and waste treat-ment,and one plant cabin(58 m2)for plant
18、cultivation.Then,a 105-dayclosed bioregenerative life support experiment with multi-crew involvedwas successfully carried out in 2014 12.In this experiment,100%regeneration of the water inside the Lunar Palace 1 has been achievedrelying on the high efficient operation of the water recycling system.I
19、nthis paper,the structure of the water recycling system and its perfor-mance during the 105-day BLSS experiment would be introducedspecifically.2.Materials and methodsThere were three kinds of wastewater needed to be purified andrecycled inside the Lunar Palace 1,including the condensate water fromt
20、he temperature-humidity control system,the sanitary&kitchen waste-water from the daily life of the crew and the urine.Due to the differencesof the contamination level,different wastewater treatment processesshould be designed to purify the three kinds of wastewater separately tomeet the water qualit
21、y standards for different usage.During the 105-day BLSS experiment,the condensate water,sanitary&kitchen wastewater and the crews urine before and after purificationwere double sampled and analyzed every 7 days,in order to monitor thewater quality and the operation conditions of the wastewater treat
22、mentfacilities involved in the water recycling system of the Lunar Palace 1.The main continuously monitored indexes of condensate water werechemical oxygen demond(CODMn),NO2?-N,NO3?-N,conductivity,pH,total bacteria and coliform group,the monitored indexes of sanitary&kitchen wastewater were chemical
23、 oxygen demond(CODCr),total ni-trogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),NH4N and NO3?-N,and for theurine,the TN and conductivity were tested continuously.The CODMn,CODCr,TN,TP,NH4N,NO2?-N,NO3?-N,total numberofbacteria and coliform group were tested according to standard methods13.The conductivity and pH were
24、 tested using portable conductometer(Hanna Instruments,Inc.)and benchtop pH meter(Mettler-Toledo In-ternational Inc.),respectively.Additionally,when the closed BLSS experimentran stably,the treatedcondensate water was sampled and tested by a professional testingagency to verify the quality.3.Results
25、 and discussion3.1.The design of the water recycling system in Lunar Palace 1Different wastewater treatment technologies and facilities should bedesigned and constructed to purify the three kinds of wastewater sepa-rately.Moreover,for achieving completed water recycling in system,thepurified water s
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