太空生存太空生存太空生存 (8).pdf
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1、The recycle of water and nitrogen from urine in bioregenerativelife support systemShengda Denga,b,c,Beizhen Xiea,b,c,n,Hong Liua,b,c,naSchool of Biological Science and Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,ChinabInstitution of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology,Beihang
2、 University,Beijing 100191,ChinacInternational Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology&Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,Chinaa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 28 April 2015Received in revised form29 February 2016Accepted 10 March 2016Available online 11 Marc
3、h 2016Keywords:BLSSUrine treatmentNitrogen recycleHigh temperature acidificationImmobilized ureasea b s t r a c tThe recycle of the wastewater is one of the main factors for realizing a higher closure degree of bior-egenerative life support system(BLSS),among which the treatment and recovery of the
4、crews urine arethe most difficult and critical issues.Researchers have paid a lot of attention on the desalination of urinein the previous studies,however,if the nitrogen could be recycled simultaneously while desalting theurine,the substance circulation and the closure of BLSS could be improved mor
5、e significantly.In thisstudy,two-step method was conducted to treat the urine and recycle the water and nitrogen.The urinewas hydrolyzed firstly,and then the water vapor and ammonia gas were cooled and collected by usingreduced pressure distillation in alkaline condition.High temperature acidificati
6、on method(HTAM)andimmobilized urease catalysis method(IUCM)were investigated in the hydrolysis pretreatment of urine.The treatment conditions of both methods were optimized and the hydrolysis efficiencies were com-pared.The results showed that the optimum treatment temperature and acidity for HTAM w
7、ere 99 Cand H 2 mol/L when the reaction time was 7 h,and the maximum nitrogen recycle efficiency was39.7%.While,the optimum treatment conditions for IUCM were 60 C,pH7.0 and 40 min,and themaximum nitrogen recycle efficiency could reach 52.2%.Therefore,compared with HTAM,IUCM hashigher hydrolysis eff
8、iciency with milder reaction temperature and pH and shorter reaction time whichmeans it could adapt to the heavy urine treatment workload in BLSS.This investigation has provided apromising method to recycle the urine in BLSS,and all the results will contribute to the further BLSSexperiments conducte
9、d in the stage II of the“Lunar Palace 1”.&2016 IAA.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionFor long-duration deep space exploration missions,oxygen,water,food and other supplies needed by humans can no longerentirely rely on the ground 1,2.Thus,bioregenerative life supportsystem(
10、BLSS)should be established to satisfy the supply de-mands.The BLSS is featured by the in-situ regeneration of water,oxygen and food through biotechnologies and engineering controltechnologies basing on the principle of ecological system 3,inwhich the water regeneration is an important part for achie
11、vinghigh closure.Urine is the most complex wastewater with a great deal oftreatment difficulties in BLSS.The daily water demand for eachcrew is 1.86 kg/d,while the amount of urine excretion is 1.5 kg/dper crew with 95%of water.Thus if the water in crews urine canbe recycled,the pressure of the water
12、 supplies in deep space ex-ploration will be greatly eased,and the material circulation will behighly promoted 4.Furthermore,urine is rich in nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and other nutrients which are required forplant growth.However,the large amount of NaCl dissolved inurine will lead to the salin
13、ization of the substrate which is nega-tive for the plant growth.Therefore,how to effectively recover theN,P,K and other nutrients while desalting the urine is an im-portant issue in BLSS 5.Currently in the field of space life support system,many re-searches have been focusing on the water recycling
14、 technologies ofthe urine,which can be mainly divided into physical/chemical andbiological methods.The physical/chemical methods,includingdistillation 8,9 and membrane separation methods 6,10 etc.,arewell developed for recycling most of the water in the urine byseparating and discharging the organic
15、 pollutants and mineralsalts 7,8.Normally,urine was biologically treated as plants fer-tilizer 11,or to remove urea and recycle nitrogen by bioreactorsContents lists available at ScienceDirectjournal homepage: Astronauticahttp:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.03.0070094-5765/&2016 IAA.Published
16、by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Abbreviations:BLSS,bioregenerative life support system;HTAM,high tempera-ture acidification method;IUCM,immobilized urease catalysis method;TN,totalnitrogen;UHE,urine hydrolysis efficiency;T,temperature;RT,reaction timenCorresponding authors at:School of Biologica
17、l Science and Medical Engineer-ing,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China.E-mail addresses:(B.Xie),LH(H.Liu).Acta Astronautica 123(2016)869012,13.Comparedtophysical/chemicalmethods,biologicalmethods have comparatively low energy consumption,relativelysimpler devices,and bigger possibility to recycl
18、e a large number ofelements.However,longer processing time may also be required.In Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative(MELiSSA)14,thermophilic anaerobic bacteria,photoautotrophic/hetero-trophic bacteria and nitrifying bacteria cells were used to convertthe nitrogen in urine into nitrate
19、 15,17,which was finally sup-plied as a nitrogen source for photoautotrophy algae and higherplants 16.Our research team have previously studied the culti-vation of Spirulina platensis for urine treatment,and the resultsshowed that the consumption of Cl?could reach to 75%whileusing the N and P in uri
20、ne as a nutrient source for spirulina 18.These studies provided references for the design of urine desali-nation and nitrogen recycling technology in BLSS.In order to solve the theoretical and practical problems in BLSS,our research team developed a integrative experimental system“PermanentAstrobase
21、Life-supportArtificialClosedEcosys-tem”“Lunar Palace 1”(stage I)in October 2013,and successfullycarried out a 105-day closed bioregenerative life support experi-ment with multi-crew involved from January to May in 2014 3.During the 105-day experiment,the crews urine in Lunar Palace1 was treated by r
22、educed pressure distillation method.The resultsindicated that all the water in urine has been recovered,but thenitrogen recycle efficiency was merely 20.5%.Thus,the process ofthe nitrogen recycle from urine still needs to be further optimized.In this study,two-step method was conducted to treat the
23、ur-ine and recycle the water and nitrogen simultaneously.The urinewas pre-hydrolyzed,and then the water vapor and ammonia gaswere collected by using reduced pressure distillation in alkalinecondition.High temperature acidification method(HTAM)andimmobilized urease catalysis method(IUCM)were studied
24、duringthe urine hydrolysis pretreatment.The processing factors of bothmethods were optimized and their influences on the nitrogenrecycle efficiency were compared.The results might be applied tothe further BLSS experiments in“Lunar Palace 1”(stage II).2.Materials and methods2.1.Urine samplesReal huma
25、n urine collected from the crew of“Lunar Palace 1”was used in this research.Before each experiment,the ioniccomposition and the urea concentration of urine were tested aswell as total nitrogen(TN)(Table 1),and the results indicated thatthe crews urine contains large amounts of urea and inorganicsalt
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