气候术语-英文.pdf
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1、365Annex BGlossary of TermsAnnex B.Glossary of TermsThis Glossary is based on the glossaries published in the IPCCThird Assessment Report(IPCC,2001a,b,c);however,additionalwork has been undertaken on consistency and refinement ofsome of the terms.The terms that are independent entries inthis glossar
2、y are highlighted in italics.AcclimatizationThe physiological adaptation to climatic variations.Activities Implemented Jointly(AIJ)The pilot phase for Joint Implementation,as defined in Article4.2(a)of the United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change,that allows for project activity amongdev
3、eloped countries(and their companies)and betweendeveloped and developing countries(and their companies).AIJ is intended to allow Parties to the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change to gain experiencein jointly implemented project activities.There is no creditingfor AIJ activity durin
4、g the pilot phase.A decision remains tobe taken on the future of AIJ projects and how they may relateto the Kyoto Mechanisms.As a simple form of tradable permits,AIJ and other market-based schemes represent importantpotential mechanisms for stimulating additional resource flowsfor the global environ
5、mental good.See also CleanDevelopment Mechanism and emissions trading.AdaptabilitySee Adaptive capacity.AdaptationAdjustment in natural or human systems to a new or changingenvironment.Adaptation to climate change refers toadjustment in natural or human systems in response to actualor expected clima
6、tic stimuli or their effects,which moderatesharm or exploits beneficial opportunities.Various types ofadaptation can be distinguished,including anticipatory andreactive adaptation,private and public adaptation,andautonomous and planned adaptation.Adaptation assessmentThe practice of identifying opti
7、ons to adapt to climate changeand evaluating them in terms of criteria such as availability,benefits,costs,effectiveness,efficiency,and feasibility.Adaptation benefitsThe avoided damage costs or the accrued benefits followingthe adoption and implementation of adaptation measures.Adaptation costsCost
8、s of planning,preparing for,facilitating,and implementingadaptation measures,including transition costs.Adaptive capacityThe ability of a system to adjust to climate change(including climatevariability and extremes)to moderate potential damages,to takeadvantage of opportunities,or to cope with the c
9、onsequences.AdditionalityReduction in emissions by sources or enhancement of removalsby sinks that is additional to any that would occur in the absenceof a Joint Implementation or a Clean Development Mechanismproject activity as defined in the Kyoto Protocol Articles on JointImplementation and the C
10、lean Development Mechanism.Thisdefinition may be further broadened to include financial,investment,and technology additionality.Under“financialadditionality,”the project activity funding shall be additionalto existing Global Environmental Facility,other financialcommitments of Parties included in An
11、nex I,OfficialDevelopment Assistance,and other systems of cooperation.Under“investment additionality,”the value of the EmissionsReduction Unit/Certified Emission Reduction Unit shallsignificantly improve the financial and/or commercial viabilityof the project activity.Under“technology additionality,
12、”thetechnology used for the project activity shall be the bestavailable for the circumstances of the host Party.Adjustment timeSee Lifetime;see also Response time.AerosolsA collection of airborne solid or liquid particles,with a typicalsize between 0.01 and 10 mm that reside in the atmospherefor at
13、least several hours.Aerosols may be of either natural oranthropogenic origin.Aerosols may influence climate in twoways:directly through scattering and absorbing radiation,andindirectly through acting as condensation nuclei for cloudformation or modifying the optical properties and lifetime ofclouds.
14、See indirect aerosol effect.AfforestationPlanting of new forests on lands that historically have notcontained forests.For a discussion of the term forest and relatedterms such as afforestation,reforestation,and deforestation,see the IPCC Special Report on Land Use,Land-Use Change,and Forestry(IPCC,2
15、000b).Aggregate impactsTotal impacts summed up across sectors and/or regions.Theaggregation of impacts requires knowledge of(or assumptionsabout)the relative importance of impacts in different sectors andregions.Measures of aggregate impacts include,for example,thetotal number of people affected,cha
16、nge in net primary productivity,number of systems undergoing change,or total economic costs.AlbedoThe fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface or object,often expressed as a percentage.Snow covered surfaces have366Climate Change 2001Synthesis ReportIPCC Third Assessment Reporta high albedo
17、;the albedo of soils ranges from high to low;vegetation covered surfaces and oceans have a low albedo.The Earths albedo varies mainly through varying cloudiness,snow,ice,leaf area,and land cover changes.Algal bloomsA reproductive explosion of algae in a lake,river,or ocean.AlpineThe biogeographic zo
18、ne made up of slopes above timberlineand characterized by the presence of rosette-formingherbaceous plants and low shrubby slow-growing woodyplants.Alternative development pathsRefer to a variety of possible scenarios for societal valuesand consumption and production patterns in all countries,includ
19、ing,but not limited to,a continuation of todays trends.In this report,these paths do not include additional climateinitiatives which means that no scenarios are included thatexplicitly assume implementation of the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change or the emissiontargets of the Kyo
20、to Protocol,but do include assumptions aboutother policies that influence greenhouse gas emissionsindirectly.Alternative energyEnergy derived from non-fossil-fuel sources.Ancillary benefitsThe ancillary,or side effects,of policies aimed exclusively atclimate change mitigation.Such policies have an i
21、mpact notonly on greenhouse gas emissions,but also on resource useefficiency,like reduction in emissions of local and regionalair pollutants associated with fossil-fuel use,and on issuessuch as transportation,agriculture,land-use practices,employment,and fuel security.Sometimes these benefits areref
22、erred to as“ancillary impacts”to reflect that in some casesthe benefits may be negative.From the perspective of policiesdirected at abating local air pollution,greenhouse gasmitigation may also be considered an ancillary benefit,butthese relationships are not considered in this assessment.Annex I co
23、untries/PartiesGroup of countries included in Annex I(as amended in 1998)to the United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange,including all the developed countries in theOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development,and economies in transition.By default,the other countriesare referre
24、d to as non-Annex I countries.Under Articles 4.2(a)and 4.2(b)of the Convention,Annex I countries committhemselves specifically to the aim of returning individually orjointly to their 1990 levels of greenhouse gas emissions bythe year 2000.See also Annex II,Annex B,and non-Annex Bcountries.Annex II c
25、ountriesGroup of countries included in Annex II to the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change,including alldeveloped countries in the Organisation for EconomicCooperation and Development.Under Article 4.2(g)of theConvention,these countries are expected to provide financialresources to
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