FAOUN submission-agriculture mitigation-资源文档资料整理者.pdf
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1、 1ENABLING AGRICULTURE TO CONTRIBUTE TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION A SUBMISSION BY THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS The magnitude of the challenge to stabilize greenhouse gas(GHG)concentrations in the atmosphere and limit average temperature increases makes it imperative th
2、at the contributions of all sectors with significant mitigation potential be tapped to the fullest extent possible.Agriculture is recognized as a sector with such potential and farmers,ranchers,herders and other land users around the world can and should be part of the solution to climate change.Thi
3、s submission highlights ways in which the potential of agricultural mitigation in general,and from smallholder agriculture in particular,may be realized under a future global climate change agreement.It addresses quantifying mitigation and dealing with uncertainty issues associated with soil carbon
4、sequestration,enabling institutional and policy environments required to link carbon finance to mitigation from smallholder agricultural sector and modalities/mechanisms needed to effectively link carbon finance to agricultural sources of mitigation,including financing options for agriculture,includ
5、ing smallholder agriculture.The focus of the submission is on soil carbon sequestration in view of its high mitigation potential,relevance to smallholders,and its current exclusion from the CDM.1.Background a.The agricultural sector:high mitigation potential with strong adaptation and sustainable de
6、velopment co-benefits Agriculture accounts for roughly 14%of global GHGs or about 6.8 Gt of CO2 equivalent(e)per year(IPCC 2007).GHG emissions from land-use change,including deforestation in tropical areas,are around 17%of total GHG emissions.In most countries they are associated with agricultural a
7、ctivities and exceed emissions from all other agricultural sources.About 74%of total agricultural emissions originate in developing countries.The technical mitigation potential of agriculture(estimated upper limit if best management practices are widely adopted)has been calculated as 5.5-6 Gt of CO2
8、e per year by 2030(IPPC 2007).This potential is extremely large,especially relative to emissions from the sector.About 89%of this potential could be achieved through soil carbon(C)sequestration.Mitigation of CH4 can provide 9%(through improvements in rice management and livestock/manure management)a
9、nd mitigation of N2O can provide 2%(primarily through cropland managment).The majority of the potential(70%)can be realized in developing countries(Smith et al.2007).In terms of abatement costs,the sector is particularly attractive,with many abatement options being cost neutral or net-profit-positiv
10、e(increases in agricultural production,already economically justify the adoption of some mitigation activities),with low capital investment required(IPCC 2007 and 2McKinsey 2009).Moreover,many of the technical options are readily available and could be deployed immediately.Also significant is the hi
11、gh potential that the agriculture sector offers for synergies with climate change adaptation and key co-benefits of relevance to sustainable development.As emissions from agriculture are concentrated in developing countries,mitigation options that can contribute to food security,poverty reduction an
12、d resilience of agro-ecosystems are of crucial importance to sustainable development.The sector is expected to provide more food for future domestic markets within developing countries.75%of the worlds poor live in rural areas in developing countries,and most depend on agricultural for their livelih
13、oods.(World Bank 2008)Agriculture is the main sector of the economy in most Least Developed Countries and generates essential environmental services(conservation of domesticated biological diversity,land and water management).Perhaps no other sector has the potential to contribute so directly to the
14、 aspirations of Article 2 of the UNFCC Convention(the ultimate objective of the Convention is stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere.at a level.which ensures that food production is not threatened and enables economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner).b.With such signifi
15、cant potential,why has agriculture remained relatively marginal within the climate change negotiations?Agriculture is perceived to be a difficult sector for climate change mitigation due to the sheer size of land areas under agriculture around the world(but at same the time this breadth of opportuni
16、ty,which exceeds that of forestry,is part of its potential)the variation in agroecosystems and farming systems,as well as the large numbers of farmers that would need to be involved.Like its land-based sister sector,forestry,it shares challenges related to implementation uncertainties:permanence(and
17、 saturation),leakage and additionality,as well as those related to measurement(baselines),monitoring,reporting and verification.Methodologies to deal with these problems do exist and are being continuously improved and simplified.Extensive field testing,coupled with capacity building,to enable confi
18、dence and use will come once agricultural mitigation projects are eligible for generating emission reductions for a compliance market.Existing climate change financing mechanisms to support mitigation have so far been highly inadequate in enabling agriculture(and forestry)to contribute,in line with
19、its potential,to GHG reduction and carbon sequestration through activities with robust co-benefits.For example,soil carbon sequestration,through which nearly 90%of agricultures potential could be realized,is excluded from CDM unless it is adopted in the framework of CDM A/R projects(N.B A/R.in 2007
20、number only one out of a toal of 1,100 projects).Financing options that enable agriculture to contribute more effectively to GHG abatement,including through more sector-specific options and those that innovatively combine public and private funding,are urgently needed if climate change is to be addr
21、essed to the extent,and at the pace,needed.2.How can we quantify mitigation and deal with uncertainty issues associated with soil carbon sequestration?a.Soil carbon sequestration Improved land use and management that can increase and maintain greater soil C stocks(i.e.,sequester C)include a variety
22、of practices that either increase the amount of C added to soils(as plant residues and manure)and/or reduce the relative rate of CO2 released through soil respiration.Such practices include:1)improved grazing land management,2)improved crop rotations,3)improved fallows,4)residue management,5)reduced
23、 tillage,6)organic matter amendments,7)restoration of degraded lands,8)rewetting of cultivated organic soils and(9 Agroforestry(Paustian 3et al.1998,2004,Smith 2007).If properly implemented these practices can remove and sequester CO2 while improving agricultural productivity and sustainability.Impr
24、oved nutrient management,to increase the plant uptake efficiency of applied nitrogen,can also reduce N2O emissions,while contributing to soil C sequestration.On the other hand,barriers to adopting C sequestration activities include saturation(maximum capacity of soils to store C);the risk of losing
25、stored C;dificulties in establishing a baseline due to the lack of information on emission estimates and their assessment,achieving low transaction and measurement/monitoring costs.As can be seen below,new methodologies,mechanisms and approaches go some way to addressing these barriers.b.Current sta
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