《土壤管理》PPT课件.ppt
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1、第九章第九章 土壤管理土壤管理Soil management土壤耕作土壤耕作Tillage “纵有良田千万顷,收成多少在于耕”。“一年犁出病十年没收成”。我国农民历来十分重视土壤耕作。齐民要术把耕田放在首篇,一来说明种植业从耕地开始,二来也反映出作者对土壤耕作的重视。土壤耕作是作物生产的重要环节,它消耗大量的人力、物力、资金。所以,农业生产活动的进步,首先反映在土壤耕作的手段上。“工欲善其事,必先利其器。”动力:动力:人力畜力机械动力机具:机具:手工工具畜力工具动力工具生产水平:生产水平:原始农业传统农业现代农业土壤耕作的目的Role of soil tillage 不同土壤耕作措施的作用 E
2、ffects of different tillage measures 常用的土壤耕作制度(耕法)Tillage systems Chapter ContentsWhat is Tillage?The practice of keeping the soil mellow(soft)and free from weeds mechanically(physically)Can be seedbed preparation or post-emergence cultivation 土壤耕作,就是通过机械的物理作用,调节土壤松劲度、土壤表面状态和耕层内部土壤的位置,创造适宜作物生长的土壤水、肥
3、、气、热状况的技术措施。土壤耕作措施的特点土壤耕作措施的特点:一种措施可以同时起几种作用;一项任务可以由几种措施来完成。What are the purposes of tillage?土壤耕作的目的土壤耕作的目的调节耕层三相比,创造深厚的耕层和适宜的苗床 To adjust the water-air-solid proportion in topsoil;Creating deep tilth and suitable seed bed.除灭杂草 To kill weeds.翻转耕层,翻埋残茬和肥料 To bury crop stubbles and fertilizers.改变土壤耕层构
4、造和地面状况,调节土壤水、肥、气、热因素,翻埋 根茬和肥料,清除田间杂草,控制土传病害,调节土壤微生物区系,为作物播种、出苗和生长发育提供适宜的土壤环境。What is Soil Tilth?什么是耕层什么是耕层 指耕作措施经常作用的土层,也是作物根系分布最密集的层次。The physical condition of the soilfitness for cultivationHow is good soil tilth developed?如何创造适宜的耕层如何创造适宜的耕层 适时、适法、适度耕作 till at proper time,proper method and proper
5、frequency to maintain proper aggregation.Too wet during tillage makes soil lumpy,too dry during tillage makes soil too fine and likely to blow;Over tillage will destroy soil structure and lead to soil compaction.What is a seedbed?什么是苗床什么是苗床种子萌发和幼苗汲取营养之所在。Place where seeds germinate&nourish young pla
6、nts.Seedbed Characteristics要紧实,以便种子和根能够接触到土壤颗粒而吸收养分 must be firm to allow seed and root to come in contact with soil particles to absorb moisture;要有足够的空隙以利于通气、扎根和水分运动 must be porous to allow air to move,root development,water movement.If soil is too loose,rain will wash away young plants;Air and wat
7、er conduct heat more rapidly than soil,looser soils warm up sooner;Plant residue on surface insulates,warms up slower,also provides buffer against wind.What is the definition of a weed?什么是杂草什么是杂草A plant that grows out of place-tillage can cut roots or bury weedsIs crop residue a benefit or detriment
8、?作物残茬的利用作物残茬的利用Definitely a benefit 当然是有益的It helps control erosion,retain water,improve tilth 它有益于防止土壤侵蚀、保持水分、改良耕层土壤结构。dark soils absorb light,warm up quicker;residue insulates,warms slowerin wet areas soil is plowed;in dry areas leave residue耕作机具的作用耕作机具的作用1.松碎土壤 to loosen the soil2.翻转耕层 to turn ove
9、r the soil3.混拌土壤 to blend the soil4.平整地面 to flatten the soil surface5.压紧土壤 to compact the soil6.开沟、培垄、打埂、做畦 to make furrow and ridges 土壤耕作的作用是通过机具的运用来实现的,因此,土壤耕作的效果和效率取决于机具的性能。What is primary tillage?什么是基本耕作什么是基本耕作 入土深、作用强烈、能显著改变耕层物理性状、后效较长的土壤耕作措施。一般在种植作物播种之前进行。the first tillage operation of a seaso
10、nloosen soil to permit air and water to penetrate Equipment for primary tillage基本耕作措施和使用的机械基本耕作措施和使用的机械翻耕 plowing 有壁犁/铧犁 moldboard plow深松耕 subsoiling/chiseling 深松犁/铲subsoiler/chisel旋耕 rotary tillage 旋耕机 rotary hoeMoldboard Plow 有壁犁(铧犁)有壁犁(铧犁)Inverts soil,turns residue under soil surface.John DeereCh
11、isel Plow 凿形犁凿形犁Does not invert soil,uses chisels or sweeps that shatter the soil.Leaves residue on surface.Disk Plow 圆盘犁圆盘犁Rolling disks,similar to moldboard plow,better in sticky soils.Rotary Hoe 旋耕犁旋耕犁Hoe wheels on long shaft dig into soil(shallow).Usually mounted on tractor for row crops.各种基本耕作措
12、施的作用及其优缺点各种基本耕作措施的作用及其优缺点 作用作用:翻土,松土,碎土。优点优点:土壤松碎,利于翻埋有机肥和秸秆残茬,杂草、病菌。缺点缺点:跑墒,耗能高,成本高,容易造成水土流失。技术要点技术要点:翻耕方法(全翻、半翻、分层翻),时期,深度。掌握宜耕期。翻翻 耕耕全翻垡:垡片翻转180半翻垡:垡片翻转135分层翻垡:上层垡片翻转180,下层垡片翻转135翻翻 耕耕 plowing 翻耕是世界上应用最广的土壤耕作措施,消耗的动力也最多。耕太浅起不到应有的作用,耕太深翻上来过多的生土,不利于作物生长。翻翻 耕耕 plowing耕作措施亩耗油(kg)作业效率(亩小时)翻耕2025 cm1.1
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