名词性从句.pdf
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1、名词性从句 一概述:在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。根据它们在句中的语法作用,这类从句又可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。二名词性从句连接词 1.连词(只起连接作用,不做成分)that 没有实在意义,whether 翻译为“是否”,可以引导各类名词性从句,可以和 or,or not 连用 if 翻译为“是否”,多引导宾语从句。注意 if 跟 whether 的区别。注:if“如果”还可以引导条件状语从句。as if/though 翻译为“好像”,在名词性从句中只能引导表语从句。注:as if/though“好像”还可以引导方式状语从句。because 翻译为“因为”
2、,在名词性从句中只能引导表语从句。注:because“因为”还可以引导原因状语从句。2.连接代词(既起连接作用,而且充当句子成分,都有各自的含义)who“谁”在从句中作主语,表语。可引导各类名词性从句 whom “谁”在从句中作宾语。可引导各类名词性从句 which“(特定范围内的)哪一个/些”在从句中充当主语,宾语,定语。不引导同位语从句。what“什么,什么样的”有疑问含义。在从句中充当主语,表语,宾语,定语。可以引导各类名词性从句 “所.的”或“.的事物/东西/人/样子/地方等”。无疑问含义,在从句中作主语,宾语,表语。一般不引导同位语从句“多少”提问“价格,人口等”whose“谁的”在
3、从句中作定语。多引导宾语从句。whoever“无论谁”无疑问含义。在从句中作主语,表语。引导名词性从句时在含义上相当于 anyone who 注:还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与 no matter who 互换 whomever“无论谁”无疑问含义。在从句中作宾语。引导名词性从句时在含义上相当于 anyone who whichever“(特定范围内的)无论哪一个/一些”无疑问含义。在从句中作宾语,定语。whatever“无论什么”无疑问含义。在从句中作主语,表语,宾语,定语。引导名词性从句时在含以上相当于 anything that 注:还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与 no matter
4、 what 互换 3.连接副词(既起连接作用,而且充当句子成分,都有各自的含义)when“什么时候”有疑问含义。在从句中作时间状语。可引导各类名词性从句。“的时候”无疑问含义。在从句中作时间状语 Where“哪儿”有疑问含义。在从句中作地点状语。可引导各类名词性从句。“的地方”无疑问含义。在从句中作地点状语。why“为什么”有疑问含义。在从句中作原因状语。可引导各类名词性从句。“的原因”无疑问含义。在从句中作原因状语。how“多么”后接形容词,副词。“怎么样,如何”修饰动词,说明动作实行的方式。how many“多少”后接可数名词 how much“多少”后接不可数名词 how long“多长
5、”指时间,回答可用“for+一段时间”how soon“多快”指时间,回答可用“in+一段时间”how far “多远”指路程或距离 how fast“多快”指速度 whenever“无论何时”无疑问含义 注:还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与 no matter when 互换 wherever“无论哪儿”无疑问含义 注:还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与 no matter where 互换 however“无论什么”无疑问含义 注:还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与 no matter how 互换 三在名词性从句中一律用陈述句的语序,即使从句表达的是疑问含义。四if,whether 的区别
6、1.引导主语从句时,如果主语从句放在句首,只能用 whether 不能用 if 引导,但是如果用 it 做形式主语,而把主语从句放在句末时,也可以用 if 引导.2.引导宾语从句时常放在动词 know,ask,care,wonder 之后,if 和 whether 均可。少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt 后的宾语从句常用 whether.。3.在介词后面的宾语从句中,在表语从句、同位语从句中,表“是否”,只能用whether;4.whether 和 if 都可以和 or not 连用,但是 whether 之后可以直接跟or not,而 if 不可以。I dont
7、know whether or not I will stay.(只能用 whether)5.在不定式前只能用 whether.如:I cant decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。五与“命令、要求、建议”等相关的名词性从句中通常用虚拟语气,虚拟语气的构成是“should动词原形”或省去 should,直接用动词原形。六名词性从句以考查引导词为主,同时考查时态,语序,与其它从句的区别以及混同虚拟语气的考查。一主语从句 1.主语从句定义:在复合句中充当主语的句子叫做主语从句。That he will succeed is certain.Whether wild l
8、ife can be well protected is of great importance.Who will go makes no different.Which kind of food is the best is still not certain.What is needed for the space trip is careful preparation.Whoever comes is welcome.How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting.When theyll start the proje
9、ct has not been decided yet.Where he hid the money is to be found out.Why dinosaurs died out remains a puzzle.2.主语从句引导词按照在句中是否做成分主要分为三类:连词 that、whether、if连接代词、连接副词。(1)由连词 that 引导的主语从句:引导词 that 无含义,在句中不做成分,引导主语从句的连词 that 的省略:若 that 引导的主语从句直接位于句首,则 that 不能省略;若在句首使用了形式主语 it,that 引导的主语从句置后,则 that可以省略。Th
10、at you will win the medal seems unlikely.你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。That you are so indifferent bothers me.你如此冷淡使我很烦恼。That she survived the accident is a miracle.她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。That you didnt go to the talk was a pity.很遗憾你没去听报告。(that 不可省)It was a pity(that)you didnt go to the talk.很遗憾你没去听报告。(that 可省)(2)由连词 whet
11、her 引导的主语从句:whether 有含义“是否”,在句中不做成分,不可以省。whether 可以和 or not 连用。Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否对我们有害还要看一看。Whether they would support us was a problem.他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。Whether she is coming or not doesnt matter too much.她来不来都无关紧要。(3)如果主语从句放在句首,不能用 if 引导,但是如果用 it 做形式主语,而把主语从句放在句末时,也可以用
12、if 引导.Whether Mary really heard him is really doubtful.(对)It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.(对)If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.(错)(4)连接代词引导的主语从句:连接代词 who,whose,whom,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever,在句子起名词性作用,担当一定成分。不能省略。Who killed the scientist remains a question.Who
13、m she borrowed money from still puzzled him.Which side will win is not clear.What you need is more practice.你所需要的是更多的训练。What I want to know is this.我想知道的就是这事。Whatever he did is right.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.(主语从句)=Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.(定语从句)比较:Whoever breaks the
14、 law,he should be punished.(让步状语从句)=No matter who breaks the law,he should be punished.(让步状语从句)(4)用连接副词 when,where,why,how 引导的名词性从句(其连接副词有含义,在句中作状语。)Where we should leave it is a problem.When they will come hasnt been made pubic.他们什么时候来还不知道。How it was done was a mystery.这是怎样做的是一个谜。3.主语从句注意事项(1)为了避免主
15、语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用 it 做形式主语,而将主语从句置后(尤其是当谓语较短时)。That light travels in straight lines is known to all.光沿直线传播,这是众所周知的事。=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.众所周知光沿直线传播。Whether they would support us was a problem.他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。=It was a problem whether they would support us.When the pl
16、ane is to take off has not been announced.飞机何时起飞还没有宣布。=It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.还没有宣布飞机何时起飞。(2)如果句子是疑问句,则必须用带形式主语 it 的结构 Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task?谁将被派去执行这项任务决定了吗?(3)连接代词 What 引导的名词性从句 what 引导主语从句时,常常翻译为“所.的”或“.的事物/东西/人/样子/地方等”此时无疑问含义。W
17、hat 在从句中作主语,宾语。What you need is a good-sized canvas bag.What make the river more beautiful are the lotus(荷花)plants growing in the water.what 引导主语从句时,谓语动词常与其后的作表语的名词一致。What you left are only several old books.What you said is of great importance.what 引导主语从句常见句型。What makes this shop different is that
18、it offers more personal service.(4)Who,whom,which,what 和 ever 构成合成词,ever 起到强调作用,此类引导词引出的主语从句一般不能用形式主语 it 引导。(5)单个主语从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语,谓语动词则用复数形式。4.固定用法(借助形式主语 it,主语从句不能提前)和译法(1)It is+名词+that 从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is good news that 是好消息 It is a question that 是个问题 It is common k
19、nowledge that 是常识 类似的名词还有:a pity;a wonder;a good thing;no wonder;surprise 等。例如:It is a mystery to me how it all happened.这一切是怎么发生的是个谜。It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.鲸鱼不是鱼,这是常识。It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game.鲍勃会赢得这场比赛,这不足为奇。(2)It is+形容词+that 从句 It is necessar
20、y that 有必要 It is clear that 很清楚 It is likely that 很可能 It is important that 重要的是 类似的形容词还有:strange;natural;obvious;true;good;wonderful;possible;unlikely;quite;unusual;certain;evident;worth-while;surprising;interesting;astonishing,etc.It is obvious that conductors and insulators are both important in i
21、ndustry.很明显导体和绝缘体在工业中都很重要。It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.她是否能来令人怀疑。It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you.他拒绝和你说话真是令人惊讶。It is essential that he should be here by the weekend.周末之前,他应该到这里是必要的。用于 It is important/natural/necessary/impossible that.句型中,主语从句应使用虚拟语气,用“shou
22、ld+动词原形”的形式,should 有时可以省略。It is natural that they(should)like each other.(3)It is+过去分词+that 从句 It is said that 据说 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证明 It must be proved that 必须指出 类似的过去分词还有:known;estimated;expected;believed;thought;hoped;noted;discussed;required;decided;suggested;deman
23、ded;made clear;found out,etc.例如:It is thought that he is the best player.大家都认为他是最好的选手。It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old.据估计这个花瓶有 2000 年的历史。It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.还没弄清楚这条路将开始通车。在 It+be+suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required
24、 中,应使用虚拟语气,即 that 从句的谓语用“should+动词原形”的形式,should 有时可以省略。It is suggested that we should eat more vegetable and do more exercise.(4)It+不及物动词或短语+that 从句(happen,doesnt?matter,turn out)。如:It happened that I saw him yesterday.碰巧我昨天看见他了。It does not matter whether I missed my train,because there is another l
25、ater.没有赶上这趟火车没有关系,稍晚还有一趟。(5)当“及物动词+宾语”较短时,也可用这种结构。例如:It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was.让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。It does not interest me whether you go or not.我对你去不去不感兴趣。二表语从句 1.定义:在复合句中,如作表语的是一个从句,该从句被称为表语从句。Here wish is that she could lose weight soon.The question is whether it
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