非谓语动词正误剖析.pdf
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1、非谓语动词正误剖析 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定 式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。1)不定式 时态语态 主动 被动 通常式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 2)动名词 时态语态 主动 被动 通常式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 3)分词 时态语态 主动 被动 通常式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 驳斥形式:no
2、t+不定式,not+动名词,not+现在分词 1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语 1)并作主语 fighting broke out between the south and the north.南方与北方宣战了。2)作宾语 a.动词后提动名词 doing 作宾语 v.+doing sth admit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免 complete 顺利完成 consider 指出 delay 耽搁 deny 驳斥 detest 喜欢 endure 承受 enjoy 讨厌 escape 脱逃 prevent 制止 fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想
3、象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 直面 include 包含 stand 承受 understand 认知 forgive 原谅 keep 稳步 举例:(1)would you mind turning down your radio a little,please?(2)the squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.b.词组后直奔 doing admi
4、t to preferto be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to busy look forward to(to 为介词)no good,no use,its worth,as well as,cant help,its no use/good be tired of be fond of be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of/about hold off put off keep on insist on count on/upon set about be s
5、uccessful in good at take up give up burst out prevent from 3)作表语 her job is washing,cleaning and taking care of the children.2 worth 的用法 worth,worthy,worth-while 都为 adj.意为应该。1.worth:be worth+n.当名词为金钱时,表示 值得 be worth doing sth.某事应该被搞 the question is not worth discussing again and again.2.worthy:be w
6、orthy of+n.当名词为抽象名词时则表示应该 be worthy to be done 某事值得被做 the question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.3.worth-while:be worth-while to do sth 值得做某事 worth while:it is worth while doing sth it is worth while sb to do sth.典型例题 it is not _ to discuss the question again and again.a.worth b.worth
7、y c.worth-while d.worth while 答案 c.由 worth 的用法可知,此句只适合词组 be worth-while to do sth.。因此选 c。动词不定式 1 不定式作宾语 1)动词+不定式 afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought
8、plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake 举例:the driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没有能够及时看到另一辆车。i happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧晓得你那道问题的答案。2)动词+不定式;动词+宾语+不定式 ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,help intend like,love,need prefer,prepare,promise,want,wish i li
9、ke to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。i like you to keep everything tidy.我讨厌你年并使每件东西都维持干净。i want to speak to to 我想和汤姆谈话。i want you to speak to to 我想要使你和汤姆谈话。3)动词+疑问词+to decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell please show us how to do that.请演
10、示给我们如何去做。there are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that i cant make up my mind which to buy.存有这么多的录音机,我都搞不清楚主意卖哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。the question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。2 不定式并作补语 1)动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel conside
11、r declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 例句:a.father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让
12、我们在街上玩耍。b.we believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。find 的特定用法:find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带 to 的动词不定式。find 后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有 get,have。i found him lying on the ground.i found it important to learn.i found that to learn english is important.典型例题:the next morning she found the man _ in bed,dead.a.lying b
13、.lie c.lay d.laying 答案:a.find 的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起至宾语补齐语促进作用。现在分词抒发主动,也抒发正在展开,过去分词抒发被动。2)to+be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover,fancy(设想),feel find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(认知),show,suppose,take(以为),understand we consider tom to be one of the best students
14、in our class.我们指出汤姆就是班上最出色的学生之一。典型例题 charles babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.a.to invent b.inventing c.to have invented d.having invented 答案:a.由 consider to do sth.确定 b、d。.此句只表明发明者这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而 c 为现在顺利完成时,发明者为点动词通常不必顺利完成时,且此处也不特别强调对现在的影响,因此说实话 c。3)to be+形容词 seem,appear,be sa
15、id,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean the book is believed to be uninteresting.人们指出这本书没什么意思。4)there be+不定式 believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand we didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。特别注意:
16、有些动词需以 as 短语搞补语,如 regard,think believe,take,consider.we regard tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。mary took him as her father.玛丽把他当做自己的父亲。3 不定式主语 1)its easy(for me)to do that.我搞这事太难了 easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;the first,the next,the last,the be
17、st,too much,too little,not enough its so nice to hear your voice.听见你的声音真高兴。its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不必车的时候,锁车就是存有必要的。2)its very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们,他真好。kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(贪婪
18、的)例句:it was silly of us to believe hi 我们真可笑,竟然坚信了他。it seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。特别注意:1)其他系则动词例如,look,appear 等也可以用作此句型 2)不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。3)当不定式并作主语的句子中又存有一个不定式并作未来式时,无法用 it is to的句型 (对)to see is to believe.百闻不如一见。(弄错)it is to believe to see.4 its for sb.和 it
19、s of sb.1)for sb.常用于则表示事物的特征特点,则表示客观形式的形容词,如 easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible 等:its very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2)of sb 的句型通常用则表示人物的性格,品德,则表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如 good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。its very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我,你真是太好了。for 与 of 的分辨方法:用介词后面的代词作主语,
20、用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用 of,不通则用 for。如:you are nice.(通顺,所以应用领域 of)。he is hard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用 for。)5 不定式并作未来式 不定式可放在 be 动词后面,形成表语。例如:my work is to clean the room every day.his dream is to be a doctor.6 不定式并作定语 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如:i have a lot of work to do.so he made some candles to give light.7 不
21、定式并作状语 1)目的状语 to only to(仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such)as to(如此以便)he ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。i come here only to say good-bye to you.我去仅仅就是向你挥别。2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。what have i said to make you angry.he searched the room only to find nothing.3)表中原因 im glad to se
22、e you.典型例题 the chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable to _.a.sit b.sit on c.be seat d.be sat on 答案:b.如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾。8 用做介词的 to to 有两种用法:一为不定式+动词原形;一为介词+名词/动名词,to 在下面的用法中是第二种,即 to+名词/动名词:admit to 宣称,confess to 宣称,be accustomed to 习惯于,be used to 习
23、惯于,stick to 坚持,turn to 开始,着手于,devote oneself to 献身于,be devoted to 致力于,look forward to 盼望,pay attention to 注意 9 省 to 的动词不定式 1)情态动词(除 ought 外,ought to):2)神之动词 let,have,make:3)感官动词 see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find 等后作宾补,省略 to。特别注意:在被动语态中则 to 无法省去。i saw him dance.=he was s
24、een to dance.the boss made them work the whole night.=they were made to work the whole night.4)would rather,had better:5)why/why not:6)help 可带 to,也可不带 to,help sb(to)do sth:7)but 和 except:but 前就是动词 do 时,后面发生的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。8)由 and,or 和 than 连接的两个不定式,第二个 to 可以省去:9)通常在 discover,imagine,suppose,think,u
25、nderstand 等词后,可以省却 to be:he is supposed(to be)nice.他应该是个好人。举例:he wants to move to france and marry the girl.he wants to do nothing but go out.比较:he wants to do nothing but go out.he wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例题 1)-i usually go there by train.-why not _ by boat for a change
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