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1、PART ONE 第一部分Language from within 语言系统Chapter One:Introduction to Linguistics第一章导入一.核心提示二.概念定义langue vs.paroleCompetence vs.p erformance.三、理解简答1.What is language?什么是语言?2.What functions does language have?语言有那些功能?3.What are features of human language specified by C.Hockett?霍基特阐明了人类语言的哪些特征?4.What is l
2、inguistics?什么是语言学?5.What are the major branches of linguistics?What does each of them study?语言学的主要分支学科有哪些?其研究内容是什么?6.Why is it that linguistics is scientific study of language?为什么说语言学是一门科学?7.Of the two major media of communication,speech and writing,which one is primary?在两种主要交际媒介中,即口头语和书面语,哪一种是第一性的?
3、8.What is the difference between langue and parole?语言和言语之间的区别是什么?9.What is the distinction between the competence and the performance?语言能力和言语行为有什么差异?10.How is Sanussures distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance?索绪尔对语言和言语的区分与乔姆斯基对语言能力与语言
4、运用的区分有什么相似之处?11.What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?现代语言学与传统语法的不同之处在哪里?12.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic?现代语言学是主要是共时性的,还是历时性的?13.Does the traffic light system have duality?Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?交通灯系统有二层性吗?14.How do you comment o
5、n dogs barking?你如何看待狗吠?15.What is the recursive nature of language?何谓语言的递归性?16.Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?身体语言和面部表情具有人类语言的哪些独特特征?17.Can you judge the synchronic or diachronic orientation just from the titles?你能仅从书名判断著作的研究倾向是历时或共时
6、的吗?18.Why is the distinction between competence and performance important in linguistics?为什么语言能力和语言运用的区分在语言学中很重要?19.How do you understand arbitrariness in a sentence?如何理解语句顺序的任意性?20.Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?你是否认为拟声词表明了形式与意义之间非任意的关
7、系?Chapter Two:Speech Sounds 第二章:语音一.核心提示二.概念定义Phonetics Cardinal Vowels三、理解简答1.How do the three branches of phonetics contribute to the study of speech sounds?语音学的三个分支对语音学的研究有什么贡献?2.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?语音学和音位学的研究重心有何不同?3.Where are the resonating cavities of
8、a human being contained?人类的发音的共鸣腔位于什么地方?4.What is the function of the nasal cavity?How does it perform this function?鼻腔的作用是什么?它如何发挥作用?5.What are the various parts in the oral cavity which are involved in the production of speech sounds?口腔中发音所涉及的各部分有哪些?6.How broad transcription and narrow transcripti
9、on differ from each other?Provide with examples.举例说明宽式音标和严式音标的区别?7.How are the English consonants classified?英语的辅音如何分类?8.How are the English vowels classified?英语的元音如何分类?9.What is the phonetic symbol for each of the sound descriptions offered?所给语音描述的语音符号是什么?10.What are the phonetic features of each o
10、f the sounds given?所给语音符号的语音特征是什么?11Transcribe the following sentences into normal orthography.写出下列音标代表的英语句子12.Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between,say,l and l-,p and ph,a phonetician or a phonologist?and Why?语音学家和音位学家,哪一个更关心清晰音l和模糊音 l以及p和ph的区别?为什么?13.What is free varia
11、tion?什么是自由变异14.What is assimilation?什么是同化现象?15What are distinctive features?什么是区别特征?16.What is a minimal pair and what is a minimal set?Why is it important to identify the minimal set in a language?什么是最小对立对?什么是最小对立组?为什么区别最小对立组在一种语言中非常重要?17Can you answer the following questions concerning English dia
12、lects?能否回答下列关于英语方言问题?18.What is complementary distribution?什么是互补分布?19.What are the definitions of,with examples,the sequential rule,the assimilation rule,and the deletion rule?举例说明什么是序列规则?什么是同化规则?什么是省略规则?Chapter Three:Lexicology第三章语词一、核心提示二、概念定义Morpheme.Loanshift.三、理解简答1.What does morphology study?形
13、态学研究的是什么?2.What are,with examples,the various types of morpheme used in English?英语中有哪些所用语素?举例子说明。3.What are the main inflectional affixes in English?What grammatical meaning do they convey?英语中有哪些主要屈折词缀?它们表达什么语法意义?4.Can you find out the meaning of the following roots in English and give two or three
14、words that contain each of them?能否指出下列英语词根的含义并分别举出两三个包含这些词根的单词?5.What are the morphological rules that govern the use of the given derivational affixes?所给屈折词缀的用法的形态学规则是哪些?6.What is collocation?什么是搭配?7.What are the main features of the English compounds?英语复合词的主要特征是什么?8.How to explain the formation an
15、d meaning of the following compounds?如何解释所给复合词的构成及意思?9.How to understand word/lexicon/lexeme/vocabulary respectively?如何理解字词/词语/义素/词汇量?10.Can you give the percentage of function words in this paragraph?能否给出这段话中功能词的百分比?11 Determine the original term from which the following words were back formed.根据下列
16、的逆构词确定其最初的形式。12.How do you classify the following words?如何将下列外来词语进行分类?13Can you identify the immediate etymological source of the following words?能否确定下列词语的直接语源?Chapter Four:Semantics 第四章:语义一、核心提示二、概念定义Semantics.Sense.三、理解简答1.What is sense and what is reference?How are they related?什么是意思?什么是所指?它们之间有什
17、么联系?2.How many kinds of meanings did linguists find and study?语言学家发现并研究哪几种意义?3.How to understand the difference between meaning,concept,connotation and denotation?如何理解意义,概念,内涵,外延等相互间的区别?4.What are the major types of synonyms in English?英语中的几种主要同义关系是什么?5.What is Homonymy,polysemy and hyponymy?Provide
18、 with examples.什么是同形异义,一词多义,及上下义关系?举例说明。6.How can words opposite in meaning be classified?To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong?意义相反的词是如何分类的?下列反义词属于哪一类?7.What are the relations between the following pairs of sentences?下列几组句子间的关系是什么?8.In what way is componential analys
19、is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?成分分析和把音位分析为区别性特征有何相似之处?19 What is grammaticality?What might make a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless?什么是语法性?一个语法上有意义的句子可能由于什么而变得在语义上毫无意义?10.What is predication analysis?Try to analyze the following sentences in
20、 terms of predication analysis 什么是述谓结构?试用述谓结构分析法分析所给句子。11.What is Conceptualist View?什么是意念论?12.What is Contextualism?什么是语境理论?13.What is Behaviorism?什么是行为主义论?14.What is Hyponymy?什么下义关系?15.What is Semantic Triangle?什么是语义三角16.How do you analyze each of the underlined constructions or word groups do the
21、 following?如何分析下列划线的结构体和词组?17.What are sense relations between sentences?句子间的意思关系有哪些?Chapter Five:Syntax第五章语序一、核心提示二、概念定义Syntax.Cohesion.三、理解简答1.What is hierarchical structure?什么是层次结构?2.What are phrase structure rules?什么是短语结构规则?3.What is Universal Grammar?什么是普遍语法?4.What is X-bar Theory?什么是爱克斯标杆理论?5.
22、What is a simple,coordinate,or complex sentence?Try to make use of the sentences offered to analyze.什么是简单句、并列句,复合句?利用所给句子分析6.How to describe syntactic structure(constituents)by using,with examples,tree diagrams?如何使用树形图并通过句子来描述其成分结构?7.How to reveal with examples given,the differences in sentential me
23、anings by drawing a tree diagram?如何用结构树形图画出句子中的意义关系区别?8.What is Immediate Analysis?Try to disambiguate the sentences below by using the method.什么是直接成分分析法?试用该方法解析下列句子的歧义。9.Can you explain the main characteristics of subjects in English?能否解释英语中主语的主要特征?10.What is the D-structure for each of the sentenc
24、es given?所给句子的深层结构是什么?11.How do syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences?句法规则是如何解释句子的模糊性?12.How to demonstrate the Recursive Properties?如何示范语句循环这一特点?Chapter Six:Pragmatics 第六章语用一、核心提示二、概念定义Conversational implicature.Ostensive communication.三、理解简答1.What does pragmatics study?How does it
25、 differ from traditional semantics?语用学是研究什么的?它和传统语义学有什么不同?2.How is the notion of context interpreted?怎样解释语境这一概念?3.How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related,and how do they differ?句子意义和话语意义有什么联系,又有哪些区别?4.What possible contexts in which the given sentences can be used for other purposes t
26、han just stating facts?哪些语境可能使所给的句子改变陈述事实而转作其它的用途?5.Of the following pairs of sentences,say whether A entails B in each case?在下列句子中,各组的A 都能衍推 B 吗?6.According to Austin,what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making utterance?Give an example.根据奥斯汀的提法,人们说话时有可能实施哪三种行为?7.Each of fo
27、llowing conversational fragments is to some degree odd.To What extent can the oddness be explained by reference to Grices CP and Maxims?下面对话多少都有点问题,请问多大程度上,这些问题能用格赖斯的合作原则及其准则加以解释?8.What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified?What is the illocutionary point of each type?
28、瑟尔把言外行为详细地分为哪五类?每一类的言外之力是什么?9.In terms of the Gricean theory,what maxim is exploited in the following?按照格赖斯理论,以下利用了什么准则?10What are the four maxims of the CP?How does the violation of these maxims give rise to conversational implicatures?合作原则下属的四条准则是什么?Chapter Seven:Historical Linguistics 第七章历史语言学一、核
29、心提示二、概念定义historical Linguistics.language family vs.family tree.三、理解简答1.What to conclude about the nature of language change from the linguistic division of English language history?如何从英语语言发展史期的划分来理解语言变化的实质?2.What are the major historical events that led to the English transition from one period to t
30、he next?导致英语从上一个阶段向下一阶段转变的主要历史事件有哪些?3.What are the main factors leading to language change?引起语言变化的主要因素有哪些?4.Why the word order of Old English is more varied than that of Modern English?古英语的词序为何要比现代英语的词序多样化?5.How to define the terms given?如何定义所给术语?6.What is the original source language for each of th
31、e words provided?所给词汇源于何种语言?7.What types of semantic change can be identified from the clues given?根据提示可以判断出何类语义演变?8.What is the purpose of reconstruction in historical linguistics and the method employed by historical linguists?历史语言学中的重新构建的目的及历史语言学家所用的方法是什么?9.Can you offer examples to show sound ch
32、anges in English language?能否举例说明英语的音变?10.What syntactic changes took place in English?Examples are necessary.英语中发生了那些句法变化?举例说明。PART TWO 第二部分 Linguistics Related to Disciplines 语言学与其它学科Chapter Eight:Language and ethnology 第八章语言与人类一、核心提示二、概念定义Sociolinguistics.Ethnography of Communication:.三、理解简答1.What
33、 are some important contributions that sociolinguistics has made to linguistic studies?社会语言学对语言研究有何重要贡献?2.What is the field of discourse?什么是话语场 3.What are some aspects of sociolinguistic research in social dialects?社会语言学研究社会方言的那些方面?4.What should be noticed by sociolinguists about a speech community?
34、社会语言学家注意言语社团的哪些现象?5.What is Anthropological Study of Linguistics?什么是人类语言学:6.Why do we need to teach culture in our language classroom?语言教学为何需要文化学习?7What are the three features of Black English?黑人英语的三种特征是什么?至少要包括一种音系特点和一种句法特征。8.What distinction,if any,can you draw between bilingualism and diglossia?双
35、言现象和双语现象有何区别?9.How do the speech of women and the speech of men differ from each other?女性言语与男性言语相异在哪些方面?10.Can you point out some words considered as instances of sexist language?能否举例说明英语中存在性别歧视的例子?11.As a student of linguistics,how should we understand the relationships between functionalism and fo
36、rmalism?作为语言学专业的学生,如何理解功能与形式之间的关系?12How could do you demonstrate your correct understanding of the Register and the Context?如何说明你对语域及语境概念的正确理解?13.Can you tell the difference between slang and well-accepted expressions?Try with specific cases.你能否区别俚语和规范表达?用例句说明。14 How to avoid negative effects from e
37、xcessive use of euphemism in verbal communication?Examples are necessary.如何避免过度使用委婉语所产生的负面效果?请提供例句说明。15.Why should language instructors look to sociolinguistics?语言教师为何应当关注社会语言学?Chapter Nine:Language and Cognition 第九章语言过程一、核心提示二、概念定义Holophrastic stage:.blend space.三、理解简答1.What is psycholinguistics?什么
38、是心理语言学?2.What is the definition of cognitive linguistics?认知语言学的定义是什么?3.What is role,domain,and reputation?什么是范围?什么是角色?什么是威信?4.What is dichotic listening?什么是两耳分听?5.What is the critical period?什么是关键期?6.What is code-switching?什么是语码转换?7.What is cerebral cortex?And what is brain lateralization?什么是大脑皮层?什么
39、是大脑侧化?8.What are the various aspects of process of language production?语言产生过程有那些方面?9.What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?什么是萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说?10.What is intrepersonal communication?什么是自我交际?11.In what cortical regions are speech and language thought to be localized?据认为言语和语言能力位于大脑皮层的哪几个区?12.Describe the three
40、categories of conceptual metaphors.请描述三类概念隐喻。13What is that one research technique that has provided linguists with information about the localization of speech and language in the brain?何种研究方法为语言学家提供了有关言语和语言能力在大脑中的位置的信息?14.What type of result would we expect to obtain from such people on a dichotic
41、 listening task?从两耳分听实验,我们期望得到怎样的结果呢?15.What do you think is the processes of language perception,comprehension and production?语言的感知、理解和表达过程是怎样的?16.What does the aphasic substitution reveal about how words are likely to be stored in the brain?失语症患者的词语替换体现了单词可能是以何种方式存储在大脑中的?17.What evidence can be given for the view that there is a critical period for language acquisition?有何证据表明语言学习有一个关键期?18.How in your view does language relate to thought and culture?你认为语言与思维和文化是什么关系?19What are the arguments against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?对萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设有哪些质疑?
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