信息不对称 Asymmetric Information(卫生经济学).ppt
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1、信息不对称 Asymmetric Information(卫生经济学)Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望逆向选择 Adverse Selectionn保险公司无法区分风险高和风险低的人。保险费只反映了两类人的平均风险。因此高风险的人将购买保险,因为此时的保险费低于完全依照他们的风险确定的保险费。而低风险的人可能不会购买保险,因为此时的保险费高于完全依照他们的风险确定的保险费。The insurance company is unable to dist
2、inguish between high and low risks.The insurance premium only reflects the average risk of the two groups.Then,the high risk group will purchase insurance since a premium based on the average risk is lower than a premium based solely on their own risk.The low risk individuals may not purchase insura
3、nce since a premium based on the average would be greater than their own risk-based premium.逆向选择 Adverse Selectionn逆向选择将会导致某些人购买医疗保险Adverse selection would result in a biased sample of those that purchase health insurancen更多的高风险个人将购买保险 Predominantly,more high risk individuals would purchase insuranc
4、en“柠檬”法则 The Lemons Principlen高风险的人驱逐低风险的人直至市场不存在 The bad drives out the good until no market is left柠檬法则 The Lemons PrinciplenAkerlof(1970)用信息不对称的观点分析二手车市场 Akerlof(1970)used the idea of asymmetric information to analyze the used car marketn二手车的质量千差万别 Used cars available for sale vary in qualityn对称不
5、信息 Asymmetric informationn卖者比买者更了解车子的质量 The sellers know better the true quality of their cars than the buyersn有9辆车供出售 There are 9 cars for salen质量(Q)=0,1,1,1,1,2n卖者了解每辆车的质量 Seller(owner)knows each cars qualityn买者只知道质量的分布 Buyer only knows the distribution of quality 柠檬法则 The Lemons Principlen卖者的保留价值
6、是$1000 xQ Seller has a reserve value=$1000 xQn买者的保留价值是$1,500 xQ Buyer has a reserve value=$1,500 xQn雇佣一个拍卖人报价。拍卖人找到一个需求量等于供给量的价格就成交 An auctioneer is hired to call out prices.Sales take place when the auctioneer finds a price that makes quantity demanded equal quantity suppliedn我们现在进行这个拍卖游戏 We do the
7、 sales game together in class柠檬法则 The Lemons Principlen如果信息对称,买者和卖者都不清楚具体的质量,他们只知道车子的平均质量,此时二手车市场能否存在?市场价格是多少?If information had been symmetric,both owners and buyers were uncertain of the quality,they only know the average quality of cars,then is there a market for the used cars?What would be the m
8、arket price?柠檬法则的应用:医疗保险Application of The Lemons Principle:Health Insurancen信息不对称 Information asymmetryn潜在的参保者比医疗保险公司更了解自己将来可能的医疗保健支出 The potential insured person knows more about her(his)expected health expenditures in the coming period than does the insurance company.n具体地讲 More specificallyn参保者知道
9、自己将来的医疗费用(类似于二手车的车主)Insured knows her(his)future expenditure exactly(similar to the owner of the cars)n保险公司只了解所有参保者的医疗费用的分布(类似于买车的人)Insurance company knows only the distribution of expenditures for all insured persons(similar to the buyer of the cars)柠檬法则的应用:医疗保险Application of The Lemons Principle:H
10、ealth Insurancen医疗保险市场有5个人 There are 5 persons in health insurance marketn预期的医疗费用0,1 Expected expenditure=0,1n平均医疗费用 Average expenditure=n我们再做一个游戏看医疗保险市场是否存在 We do the game again in class to check if there is health insurance marketn如果信息对称,参保者和保险公司都只知道风险的分布,那将会怎样?If information had been symmetric,bo
11、th insured and insurance company only know the distribution of expenditure,then?代理关系委托代理问题Agency RelationshipThe Principal Agent Problemn代理关系 Agency relationshipn委托方委托另一方,也就是代理方作出决定 A principal delegates decision-making authority to another party,the agentn信息不对称和代理问题是相关的现象 Asymmetric information and
12、 agency are closely related phenomenan委托代理问题 The Principal Agent Problemn怎样确定医生作出了最符合患者利益的决策 How to determine the physician is acting in the patients best interests供给诱导需求 Supplier-Induced Demandn供给诱导需求问题 The Supplier-Induced Demand problemn医生具有影响需求的利益驱动 The physician has a financial interest to infl
13、uence the demand.n医生可以通过提供不准确的信息“创造”需求 The physician can“create”the demand by providing the biased information to the patientn供给诱导需求问题源于信息不对称 The SID problem results from asymmetric informationn患者和保险方都缺乏作出关于医疗方面的决策的必要信息 Both patients and insurers lack the necessary information to make many medical-r
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