学术英语社科Unit 含答案.pptx
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1、第1页/共69页Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLead-inText A Text BListening SpeakingWritingUnit Contents第2页/共69页Lead-in Reading critically:questions for discussionUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第3页/共69页Lead-inReading critically:questions for discussionReading
2、 critically:Every text is written on a purpose,some are supposed to make you believe.It is important to learn to read critically to get the point.One way of training critical reading is to ask yourself the following questions:l Do you agree with the author?Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economi
3、c Activitiesl What is the author assuming I will agree with?l What is the author trying to prove?第4页/共69页Lead-inReading critically:questions for discussionl Does the author adequately defend their argument?l What kind of proof do they use?Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Is t
4、here something they leave out that you would put in?l Does putting it in hurt their argument?第5页/共69页Lead-inReading critically:questions for discussionDiscuss the following questions:l How do you make the decision that you take this course?l What do you consider when you make this decision?Unit 1 De
5、cision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第6页/共69页Text A Key terms Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary Collocations Formal and informal English Signpost languageUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第7页/共
6、69页Text AKey termsl rational people:理性人理性人 Those people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives,given the available opportunities.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl marginal change:边际变化边际变化 small incremental adjustments to a plan of
7、actionl marginal benefit:边际效益边际效益 the additional benefit from an increase in an activity第8页/共69页Text AKey termsUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl marginal cost:边际成本边际成本 the additional cost from an increase in an activityl marginal decision-making:边际决策边际决策 the additional cost fr
8、om an increase in an activityl incentive:激励激励 something that induces a person to act第9页/共69页How People Make DecisionsEconomists explanation about decision making:There are rules behind peoples decision-making behaviors.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic A
9、ctivities第10页/共69页l Rational people think at the margin.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesExample 1:standby ticketsWhat a rational airline can do?Situation:Flying a 200-seat plane across the U.S.costs the airline$100,000.Cost of each seat:$500(
10、Thats to say,never sell a ticket for less than$500.)Suppose:A plane is about to take off with 10 empty seats.A standby passenger will pay$300 for a seat.Question:should the airline sell the ticket?第11页/共69页Answer:Yes.Reason:If the plane has empty seat,the cost of adding one more passenger is tiny.He
11、re the marginal cost is merely the cost of something to eat,like peanuts,coco,etc.Conclusion:As long as the standby passenger pays more than the marginal cost,selling the ticket is profitable.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第12页/共69页Example 2
12、:water vs.diamondWhy is water so cheap,while diamonds are so expensive?waterdiamondNecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra cup is small because water is plentiful.Unnecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra diamond is large because diamonds are rare.Unit 1 Decision-Making
13、 Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesText ACritical reading and thinking第13页/共69页Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesConclusion:Rational people think at the margin.(They make decisions by comparing costs and benefits.)Are you a rational person?第14页/共
14、69页Example 1:the price of an appleHow people respond to incentives?When the price rises:It provides an incentive for buyers to consume less;It provides an incentive for sellers to produce more.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Rational people
15、 respond to incentives.第15页/共69页 Example 2:a tax on gasoline How people respond to incentives?Encourage people to drive small,more fuel-efficient cars;carpool take public transportation;live closer to where they work;drive hybrid cars;drive electric cars.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Dec
16、ision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第16页/共69页 Example 3:a seat belt law American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars.How a seat belt law alters a drivers cost-benefit calculation(Peltzmans analysis):Seat belts reduce the likelihood of injury or death make accidents les
17、s costly drive faster and less carefully a large number of accidentsText ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第17页/共69页Result:These laws produce both fewer deaths per accident and more accidents.Conclusion 1:The net result is little change in the numbe
18、r of driver deaths and an increase in the number of pedestrian deaths.Conclusion 2:When analyzing any policy,consider both the direct effects and less obvious indirect effects.If the policy changes incentives,it will cause people to alter their behavior.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Deci
19、sion-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第18页/共69页 Rational people know that when they make a decision,it is often not a yes-or-no choice,but requires deliberate consideration of the pros and cons.Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Rational people kn
20、ow that decisions in life are rarely black and white but usually involve shades of gray.(Para.2)第19页/共69页 The most important theory in economic study concerns itself with incentives.Other theories are not as important.“The rest is commentary”is a phrase used in American English to mean“the rest is t
21、rivial or less important”.Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl“People respond to incentives.The rest is commentary.”(Para.6)第20页/共69页 At first,this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like random talk not supported by evidence.Text ADifficu
22、lt sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl At first,this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like idle speculation.(Para.12)第21页/共69页Specialized vocabularyl rational peoplel marginal decision-makingl marginal changel marginal benefitl marginal costl net resul
23、tText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第22页/共69页CollocationsText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl achieve the high level of satisfactionl maximize profitsl achieve objectivesl be
24、 black and whitel roll roundl blow offl fly standbyl puzzling economic phenomenal take an actionl allocate scarce resourcesl end up with l unintended consequencesl idle speculation第23页/共69页Formal and informal Englishl See Page 9,and do Task 3.Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decisio
25、n-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第24页/共69页Signpost languagel Show connections between sentences and paragraphs.See Page 9,and do Task 2 Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第25页/共69页Signpost languageText AEnglish language for acade
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