Welfare Economics.ppt
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1、Welfare Economics金文云金雪超TheoKarimWelfare EconomicsnWelfare economicsisabranchofeconomicsthatusesmicroeconomictechniquestoevaluateeconomicwell-being,especiallyrelativetocompetitivegeneralequilibriumwithinaneconomyastoeconomicefficiencyandtheresultingincomedistribution.l维弗雷多帕累托VilfredoParetol阿瑟塞西尔庇古Art
2、hurCecilPigoul路德维希冯米塞斯LudwigvonMisesl奥斯卡理沙德兰格OskarRyszardLangel肯尼思约瑟夫阿罗KennethJosephArrowl詹姆斯布坎南JamesM.BuchananVilfredo ParetonVilfredoPareto(15July184819August1923)AnItalianengineer,sociologist,economist,politicalscientistandphilosopher.Hemadeseveralimportantcontributionstoeconomics,particularlyint
3、hestudyofincomedistributionandintheanalysisofindividualschoices.Pareto efficiency nParetoOptimalitynInaParetoefficienteconomicallocation,noonecanbemadebetteroffwithoutmakingatleastoneindividualworseoff.nParetoimprovementnGivenaninitialallocationofgoodsamongasetofindividuals,achangetoadifferentalloca
4、tionthatmakesatleastoneindividualbetteroffwithoutmakinganyotherindividualworseoffiscalledaParetoimprovement.Requirements of Pareto EfficiencynParetooptimalityinconsumption:nMRSaxy=MRSbxynParetooptimalityinproduction:nMRTSAlk=MRTSBlknParetooptimalityinboth:nMRTxy=MRSxynWelfareeconomicsfirstlaw:nPerfe
5、ctcompetitionofmarketeconomyingeneralequilibriumisParetooptimal.ncompetitivemarketmechanismcanensurethatParetoefficientallocationrealized.nWelfareeconomicssecondlaw:IfacertainsocialresourceallocationsituationwhilemeettheParetooptimality,butthiskindofdistributionisnotveryfair,thegovernmentcouldbegint
6、ointerveneforincometransferthenbacktothecompetitivemarketmechanism,canalsoachievetheParetooptimality.Arthur Cecil PigounArthur Cecil Pigou(18November18777March1959)wasanEnglisheconomist.AsateacherandbuilderoftheschoolofeconomicsattheUniversityofCambridge.Hisworkcoveredvariousfieldsofeconomics,partic
7、ularlywelfareeconomics.Main Publications:n工业和平原理和方法(1905);n财富与福利(即福利经济学)财富与福利(即福利经济学)(19121912);n论失业问题(1914);n工业波动(1927);n公共财政研究(1925,1956);n失业理论(1933);n社会主义与资本主义的比较(1937);n静态经济学(1935);n就业与均衡(1945);n收入理论(1946);n凯恩斯“通论”的回顾(1956);Pigous economic welfarenIdeologicalbasis:nBenthamtheutilitarianismofphil
8、osophynPersonalwelfareisthesumofthemeetnAndthesocialwelfareisthesumofpersonalwelfarenTheoreticalbasis:nRadixnumberofmarginalutilityvaluetheoryPigous economic welfarenPigoudividedthewelfareintotwoclassesnThesocialwelfarenTheeconomicwelfarenAndPigoufocusontheeconomicwelfarePigous economic welfarenPART
9、1:WelfareandnationalincomenPART2:ThedistributionindifferentusesofthequantityandresourcesofnationalincomenPART3:NationalincomeandlabornPART4:ThedistributionofnationalincomePigous economic welfarenPigou,justifyequaldistributionofincomemainlyonthegroundofdiminishingmarginalutility,assumingequalcapacity
10、toenjoyincome.Abstractingawaysuchquestionsasincentiveeffects,thatequaldistributionmaximisestotalutilityPigous economic welfarenPigouhastwopropositionsinwelfareeconomicnForapersonsactualincomeofanyincrease,canmakethemeetincreasenTransfertherichmansmoneyincometothepoorcangratifythem.Pigous economic we
11、lfarenTransferincomepolicySuggestions:nFromrich:nvoluntary(charity)nCompulsory(tax)nTopoor:nDirect:socialinsuranceandservicesnIndirect:subsidiestonecessaryproductiondepartmentPigous economic welfarenMethod:MarginaloutputvalueanalysisnPremise:PerfectcompetitivemarketnPutforwardtwoconcepts:nMarginalpr
12、ivatenetoutputnMarginalsocialnetouputPigous economic welfarenOptimaldistributioncondition:npureMarginalprivateoutput=pureMarginalsocialoutputnThemarginalsocialnetoutputareidenticalineachproductiondepartmentPigous economic welfarenThenecessityofstateintervention:nItisobjectivethatthemarginalprivatene
13、toutputandmarginalsocialnetoutputwoulddeviatefromtheequilibriumlevelnThemethodofstateintervention:nSubsidiesnTaxLudwigVonMises路德维希冯米塞斯29September188110October1973HewasaprominentfigureintheAustrianSchoolofeconomicandisbestknownforhisworkonpraxeology.1881borninawealthyJewishfamily1900attendedtheUniver
14、sityofVienna1906awardedhisdoctoratefromtheschooloflaw.19131934privatdozentattheViennaUniversityintheyears19091934secretaryattheViennaChamberofCommerce1934movedtoSwitzerland19341940aprofessoroftheGraduateInstituteofInternationalStudies1940movedtoNewYorkCity19451969visitingprofessoratNewYorkUniversity
15、.1973diedinNewYorkCityatageof92Majorwork Human Action 人类行为Socialism社会主义Liberalism自由与繁荣的国度The Theory of Money and Credit货币与信贷理论Bureaucracy官僚体制The Anti-Capitalistic反资本主义的心态Manyofhisworks,includingHumanAction,wereontworelatedeconomicthemes:First,monetaryeconomicsandinflation(Businesscycletheory)Second,
16、thedifferencesbetweengovernmentcontrolledeconomiesandfreemarkets.EconomicCalculationintheSocialistCommonwealth(1920)1.Thesocialistgovernmentinterferencecannotbepricingrationally.2.Withthedevelopmentoffreemarket,privatecapitalinvestmentistheonlywaytoprosperityandgrowthofeconomic.3.Thefunctionsofgover
17、nmentarelimitedtotheprotectionofprivatepropertyandlegalsanctionsLiberalism“自由主义一贯注重全社会的福利,从未为某一特殊阶层谋取利益。”“从历史学的角度看,自由主义是第一个为了大多数人的幸福,而不是为了特殊阶层服务的一种政治倾向。与宣传追求同样目标的社会主义截然不同的是:自由主义不是通过其追求的目的,而是通过它选择的方法去达到这一最终目的。”“自由主义认为:它所提出的方法是唯一适合并能达到这一目标的方法。如果谁认为他还能提出一个更好的或能达到这一目标的另外的道路,那么他就必须去证实它的可行性。”“自由主义绝不是代表某一特
18、殊阶层的政策,而是为全体人们利益服务的政策。”“我们习惯将一个实行了自由原则的社会称为资本主义社会,将这一社会形态打上资本主义的标记。”“资本主义之所以有活力,是因为它从自由主义思想中汲取了丰富的营养。”“事实上,自由主义所主张的资本主义社会秩序是:资本家若要发财致富,唯一的途径是像满足他们自身需求一样来改善同胞的物质供应条件。”“我们认为:只要贯彻了自由主义的原则,这种现象绝不会发生。这是因为:在自由主义思想占统治地位的国家里,既无海关也无哄抬糖价的卡特尔。”“当自由主义在十八世纪和十九世纪上半叶开始在欧洲和海外大陆的黑人奴隶中呼吁废除农奴制和奴隶制自由劳动可以创造远远高于奴隶劳动的生产率。
19、在奴隶制条件下,劳动者没有兴趣发挥他们的最大劳动能力,他们的工作热情和劳动量仅限于能够避免遭到惩罚的程度,而这种惩罚只有在没有完成最低限度的工作量时才会发生。自由的劳动者懂得,若要得到更多的报酬,就必须付出更多的劳动。”(一、自由主义政策的基础2.自由)“自由主义是一种真正研究人类行为的学说,其着眼点和最终目的是促进人们外在的物质福利,而不是直接满足人们内在的、精神上的以及形而上学的需求。它并不向人们许诺幸福和满足,而是尽一切可能将外部世界所能提供的物质用来满足人们的诸多需求。”“自由主义仅仅是试图为人们创造一个外在的富裕条件。”“自由主义除了为人们的内心生活发展创造一个外部的前提条件之外,别
20、无它求。”FriedrichAugustHayek弗里德里克A哈耶克1.189919922.studentandfollowerofMises,andhewastherepresentativeoftheneo-liberalismOskar Ryszard Lange奥斯卡R兰格1.July27,1904October2,19652.aPolisheconomistanddiplomat.3.Hewasmostknownforadvocatingtheuseofmarketpricingtoolsinsocialistsystemsandprovidingamodelofmarketsoci
21、alism.1904borninTomaszwMazowiecki.(波兰托马舒夫)1926studiedlawandeconomicsatUniversityofKrakow,wherehereceivedaB.A.1928gotaMastersofLaw.19261927workedattheMinistryofLaborinWarsaw.ThiswasfollowedbyaresearchassistantshipattheUniversityofKrakow.1934aRockefellerfellowshipbroughthimtoEngland.1937emigratedtothe
22、UnitedStatesin.HethenbecameaprofessorattheUniversityofChicagoin1938.1945returnedtoPoland.19611965wasdeputychairmanofthePolishCouncilofState.1965diedLangeModelTheLangemodelsuggeststhreelevelsofdecision-making.Firmsandhouseholdsrepresentthelowestlevel,withindustrialministriesastheintermediatelevel,and
23、thehighestlevelofdecision-makingismadeupofthecentralplanningboard.trial-and-errormethod.Ifasurplusinthesupplyofaparticulargoodarises,thecentralplanningboardlowersthepriceofthatgood.Likewise,ifthereisashortageofaparticulargood,thepriceisraisedbythecentralplanningboard.Thisprocessofpriceadjustmentstak
24、esplaceuntilequilibriumbetweensupplyanddemandismet.Advantages1.Governmentscancontroltheinputfactorsanddecidesocialdividends.Thesewillmakethedistributionofincomebetterthancapitalism.2.Governmentscancontroltheinvestmentratio,sothatthecountrycancontrolthespeedofeconomicgrowth.3.Governmentscancontrolthe
25、pricesofresources,whichcanpreventundesirableenvironmentalimpact.4.Governmentscancontrolthesavingsandinvestment.Andthisisbeneficialtoreduceofcyclicalinstability.Criticisms1.ThismodelwasdevelopedinresponsetoLudwigvonMisesandFriedrichHayekscriticismsofsocialism,statingthatthestatedoesnothavetheknowledg
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