词汇学教案.ppt
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1、 Lexicology n n1 Introduction n n2 The Sources of English Vocabularyn n3 Semanticsn n4 Etymology n n5 Morphology n n6 Phraseology n n7 British and American Englishn n8 Lexicography 1 11 Introductionn n1.1 What is lexicology?n n1.2 Why study lexicology?n n1.3 Towards a superior vocabulary2 21.1 What
2、is lexicology?1.1.1 Definition 1.1.2 The scope of lexicology 3 3 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics deal-ing with “science or study”.Roughly speaking,the term lexicology comes from two Greek morphemes:the vocabulary of a language.1.1.1 Definition It treats of words,their structure,history and mea
3、ning.lexi-andlogos.The former means“word or phrase,”while the latter means Hence the literal meaning of lexicology is “the science of the word”.4 41.1.2 The scope of lexicology Lexicology can be further classified into five main sub-branches:1.1.2.1 Etymology 1.1.2.2 Morphology1.1.2.3 Semantics1.1.2
4、.4 Phraseology1.1.2.5 Lexicography5 5 “there is a sense in which learn-ing a foreign language is basically a matter of learning the vocabulary of that language.Not being able to find the words you need to express yourself is the most frustrating experience in speaking another language.”“There is lit
5、tle we can do without grammar,but there is nothing we can do without vocabulary”.1.2 Why study lexicology?D.Wilkins:A good knowledge of lexicology is especially useful to nonnative speakers,which is well stated by M.Wallace:6 61.3 Towards a superior vocabulary Onceas a childyou were an expert,an acc
6、omplished virtuoso,at learning new words.Today,by comparison,you are a rank and bumbling amateur.Does this statement sound insulting?It may bebut if you are the average adult,it is a statement that is,unfortunately,only too true.Studies show that native adult speakers who are no longer attending sch
7、ool increase their vocabu-laries of over 25 to 50 words annually.7 7 And an intelligent approach is crucialnew words can be completely understood and permanently remembered only as symbols of vital ideas,never if memorized in long lists of isolated forms.But it is easy to build your vocabulary if yo
8、u work diligently and intelligently.Diligence is importantto study vocabulary occasionally is to learn new words and ideas in an aimless fashion,rather than in the continuous way that characterizes the natural,uninterrupted,intellectual growth of a child.8 8 Consider very thoughtfully the explanatio
9、n that the director of the Now let us examine,briefly,some of the evidence that points to the close relationship between vocabulary and personal,professional,and intellectual growth.The Human Engineering Laboratory found that the only common characteristic of successful people in the world is an unu
10、sual grasp of the meanings of words.The Laboratory tested the vocabularies of thousands of people in all age groups and in all walks of lifeand discovered that those people drawing down the highest salaries made the highest scores.9 9Laboratory offered for the relationship between vocabulary and suc
11、cess:“Why do large vocabularies characterize executives and possibly outstanding men and women in other fields?The final answer seems to be that words are the instruments by means of which men and women grasp the thoughts of others and with which they do much of their own thinking.They are the tools
12、 of thought.”There is other evidence.At many universities,groups of freshmen were put into experimental classes for the sole purpose of increasing their knowledge of English words.1010These groups did much better in their sophomore,junior,and senior years than control groups of similarly endowed stu
13、dents who did not receive such training.And still more evidence:At the University of Illinois,entering students were given a simple twenty-nine-word vocabulary test.The results of this test could be used to make an accurate prediction of future academic successor lack of successover the entire four
14、year college course.“If a student has a superior vocabulary,”states Professor Templeman,“it will probably follow that he will do better work academically.”1111 And finally:Educational research has discovered that your I.Q.is intimately related to your vocabulary.Take a standard vocabulary test and t
15、hen an intelligence testthe results in both will be substantially the same.To conclude,the more extensive your vocabu-lary,the better your chances for success,other things being equalsuccess in attaining your educational goals,success in moving ahead in your business or professional career,success i
16、n achieving your intellectual potential.1212No matter your age,you can once again increase your vocabulary at a prodigious rate providing you recapture the“powerful urge to learn”,which is the key to vocabulary improvement.And you can increase your vocabularyfaster and easier than you may realize.An
17、d remember age makes little difference in voca-bulary building.There is no doubt that the years up to eighteen or twenty are the best period for learning,but this does not mean that very little learning can be achieved beyond that age.No matter what your age,you can go on learning efficiently,or sta
18、rting learning once again if perhaps you have stopped.1313 Not the urge to learn“words”words are only symbols of ideas,but the urge to learn facts,theories,concepts,information,knowledge,understandingcall it what you will.It is not their large vocabularies that make people successful and intelligent
19、,but their knowledge.Knowledge,however,is gained through words.Knowledge is chiefly in the form of words,and from now on,in this course,you will be thinking about,and thinking with,new words and new ideas.In the process of increasing their knowledge,suc-cessful people increase their vocabularies.141
20、42 The sources of English vocabulary 2.1 The English people and the English language2.2 The divisions of the history of English2.3 Borrowings into the English language2.4 Foreign elements in English vocabulary1515 (55 B.C 410 A.D)2.1 The English people and the English languageThe English people are
21、of a mixed blood.2.1.1 Earliest settlers-Britons(Britain)2.1.2 Roman conquest (Julius Caesar)2.1.3 Anglos,Saxons,and Jutes English-“the tongue of the Anglos”16162.2 The division of the history of English2.2.1 Old English2.2.2 Middle English2.2.3 Modern English(450-1100)(1100-1500)(1500-to date)17172
22、.4 Foreign elements in English vocabulary2.4.1 Latin element2.4.2 Greek element2.4.3 French element2.4.4 Scandinavian element2.4.5 Italian element2.4.6 German element2.4.7 Chinese element2.4.8 Japanese element2.4.9 Dutch element1818 English has undergone dramatic changes throughout the three major p
23、eriods of Old English(rough from 449 to 1100),Middle English(roughly from 1100 to 1500),and Modern English(roughly from 1500 to the present).Most Modern English speakers find Middle English only partially compre-hensible,and Old English simply unintelligible,just like a foreign language.Let us look
24、at the following examples of Old English and Middle English sen-tences with their translated versions in Modern English:1919 (1)Old English(from old English document)And Seaxan p sige geslgan (And Saxons the victory won)(And Saxons won the victory)(2)Middle English(from Chaucers“The Romance of the R
25、ose”Many men sayn that in sweveninges (Many men say that in dreams)Ther nys but fables and lesynges;(There is nothing but talk and lies;)But men may some swevenes sene (But men may see some dreams)2020 Old English dates back to the mid-fifth century when Anglo-Saxons,the speakers of English,invaded
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