Foucault 福柯.ppt
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1、 Michel FoucaultLifeBorn on 15th,October,1926,in Poitiers.Admitted into Ecole Normale Superioure in 1945.Teacher of psychology in University Lille from 1953-1954.Cultural delegate from 1954-1960.Attained doctorate in 1961(“Madness and Insanity:History of Madness in the Classical Age”).Professor in U
2、niversity of Clermont-Ferrand from 1960-1966.Teaching in University of Tunis from 1966-1968.Elected into the College de France,as Professor of the History of Systems of Thought in 1970.Died of AIDS on 25th,June,1984.WorksMadness and Civilization(1961)The Birth of the Clinic:An Archaeology of Medical
3、 Perception(1963)The Order of Things(1966)The Archaeology of Knowledge(1969)Discipline and Punish(1975)The History of Sexuality(1984)Key WordsArchaeologyGenealogyEpistemeDiscourseKnowledgePowerPanopticism/PanopticonDisciplineArchaeologyThe process of working through the historical archives of variou
4、s societies to bring to light the discursive formation and events that have produced the fields of knowledge and discursive formation of different historical periods.GenealogyA process of analyzing and uncovering the historical relationship between truth,knowledge and power.According to Foucault,who
5、 has been greatly influenced by Nietzsche,knowledge and truth are produced by struggles both between and within institutions,fields and disciplines and then presented as if they are eternal and universal.Episteme“This book first arose out of a passage in BorgesThis passage quotes a certain Chinese e
6、ncyclopaedia in which it is written that animals are divided into:(a)belonging to the Emperor,(b)embalmed,(c)tame,(d)sucking pigs(g)stray dogs,(h)included in the present classification(m)having just broken the water pitcher,(n)that from a long way off look like flies.In the wonderment of this taxono
7、my,the thing thatis demonstrated as the exotic charm of another system of thought,is the limitation of our own,the stark impossibility of thinking that.”(Preface to The Order of Things)From the Borges story,Foucault came to the idea that people in another time and place may have understood things al
8、together differently from us;and moreover,they may make sense of the world in ways we couldnt possibly imagine.Episteme VS progressive history:A history without continuity,progress and origins,but consisting of separate periods of time epistemes,which are organized around specific world-views or kno
9、wledges,appear and disappear suddenly and arbitrarily.“I would define the episteme retrospectively as the strategic apparatus which permits of separating out from among all the statements which are possible those that will be acceptable within,I wont say a scientific theory,but a field of scientific
10、ity,and which it is possible to say are true or false.The episteme is the apparatus which makes possible the separation,not of the true from the false,but of what may from what may not be characterised as scientific.”(Power/Knowledge)Epistemes:Periods of history organized around specific world-views
11、 and discourses;The product of certain organizing principles which relate things to one another(by classifying things and allocating them meanings and values),and which,as a result,determine how we make sense of things,what we can know and what we say;The rise and fall of epistemes dont correspond t
12、o any notion of natural continuity,development or progress,but are random and contingent.DiscourseA type of language associated with an institution,and includes the ideas and statements which express the institutions values and allow us to make sense of and“see”things.KnowledgeMade up of perspective
13、s,ideas,narratives,commentaries,rules,categories,laws,terms,explanations and definitionsetc.All of these are constructed by discourses.As mentioned before,discourse is associated with an institution.Thus knowledge can be considered as the product of certain institutions.Knowledge is not absolute but
14、 produced;Knowledge is tied up with power struggles(It is produced by dominant discourses,which have triumphed over others in power struggles).Relationship between discourse,knowledge and powerKnowledge and truth dont just appear out of nowhere to fight for goodness,justice and progress;but are prod
15、uced out of power struggles(between different fields,disciplines and institutions)and are used to authorize and legitimate the workings of power.“Philosophers or even,more generally,intellectuals justify and mark out their identity by trying to establish an almost uncrossable line between the domain
16、 of knowledge,seen as that of truth and freedom,and the domain of the exercise of power.What struck mewas that the development of all these branches of knowledge can in no way be dissociated from the exercise of poweryou will always find psychological or sociological theories that are independent of
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