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1、The Tilt Cursor: Enhancing Stimulus-ResponseCompatibility by Providing 3D Orientation Cue of PenFeng Tian1, Xiang Ao1, Hongan Wang1, 2, Vidya Setlur3, Guozhong Dai1, 2ABSTRACTIn order to improve stimulus-response compatibility of touchpad in pen-based user interface, we present the tilt cursor, i.e.
2、 a cursor dynamically reshapes itself to providing the 3D orientation cue of pen.We also present two experiments that evaluate the tilt cursors performance in circular menu selection and specific marking menu selection tasks.Results show that in a specific marking menu selection task, the tilt curso
3、r significantly outperforms the shape-fixed arrow cursor and the live cursor 4. In addition, results show that by using the tilt cursor, the response latencies for adjusting drawing directions are smaller than that by using the other two kinds of cursors.Author KeywordsCursor, Pen, Orientation, Stim
4、ulus-Response CompatibilityACM Classification KeywordsH.5.2 User Interfaces: Graphical User Interfaces, Theory and methods, Interaction styles.INTRODUCTIONWith the popularity and intuitiveness of pen and paper,various aspects related to pen-based user interaction have been researched. In this paper,
5、 we focus on pen cursors in pen based user interfaces. Usually, the information that a pen input device (referred to as “pen” hereinafter) provides,includes not only its pen tips position but also extended information such as writing pressure, 3D orientation and 3D rotation. There is some research o
6、n how to incorporate these different types of information into pen-based interaction 3 8. However, few of them are focused on using the information for the visual feedbacks of cursors.We notice that the cursors in pen-based user interfaces are still in GUI style.We wonder if it brings any good that
7、the cursors dynamically provide the 3D orientation cue of pen.In this paper, we present the tilt cursor, as shown in Fig.1.By dynamically reshaping itself, the tilt cursor uses pensorientation as a visual cue to the user.Figure 1. (a) Four tilt cursors with different altitude and same azimuth, (b) F
8、our tilt cursors with different azimuth and same altitude.RELATED WORKA cursor is a small, movable marker used both as an indicator of system states and as a means of providing visual feedback to user input 6. There has been some work on selection techniques with cursors. A common approach for these
9、 studies is to use Fitts Law. Some other studies use stimulus-response compatibility that refers to the finding that certain mappings of stimuli to responses produce faster and more accurate responding than do others 7. With respect to visual user interfaces, S-R compatibility can be defined as the
10、degree to which the mapping betweenthe position and orientation of a visual stimulus matches that of the motor response 6. The live cursor 4 is a cursor that its arrowhead follows its movement direction.Pos work suggests that choosing appropriate directions for cursors arrowheads is especially impor
11、tant for pointers, butless important for mice and touch screens on S-R compatibility 6. Phillips 5 found that arrow cursors compatible with movement direction led to slower cursor movements and less efficient cursor trajectories as responselatencies were influenced by compatibilities between movemen
12、t direction and cursor shape.In this paper, we focus on touchpad, a cursor-control device that is widely applied in many fields, especially in UI design field. Comparing with other pen-based devices with touch-sensitive screen, the separation of controller and display leads to mismatches in coordina
13、te systems. Dillen2 conducted a kinematic analysis of cursor trajectories controlled with a touchpad. He found that the nature of inefficiencies of the touchpad compared with other devices,primarily excessive sub-movements. Moreover, he pointed out that Fitts Law alone does not indicate all problems
14、 of touchpad. Target location, screen characteristics, and cursor-control devices all may affect the problems.INTERVIEWING TOUCHPAD USERSWe first interview twelve UI designers who use touchpad in their designing. We are able to obtain some useful information concerning pens rientation. We observe th
15、at the 3D orientation information (altitude, azimuth) of pen changes when they perform different tasks. For example,when the designers draw longer and thicker strokes, the altitude of pen is small. And when the designers draw details of paint, such as eyes and finger tips, the altitude of pen is lar
16、ge. Also, the interviewees mention that the current cursor in the designing and painting software cannot provide the 3D orientation cue of pen in drawing, which exacerbates the lack of coordination between eyes and hands inherent to touchpad interaction.TILT CURSOR DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATIONWe use 3D
17、 Cartesian coordinates to calculate the shape of tilt cursor, as shown in Fig. 2. The head of tilt cursor is at the origin of the coordinates. The viewpoint is at the positive infinity of Z axis above the cursor. The tilt cursor is a projection of the pen vector onto the XY-plane.Figure 2. 3D coordi
18、nates of calculating the shape of tilt cursor The shape is calculated according to the following formulas:where x is the difference between the end and the head of the cursor in X axis; y is the difference between the end and the head of the cursor in Y axis; altAdjust is the altitude zero adjust; a
19、ltF is the altitude factor;aziF is the azimuth factor; Width is the width of the arrowhead;Transparency is the transparency of the cursor.Three values, altAdjust , altF and aziF , are used to map different coordinate systems between the pen/touchpad and screen/cursor. To adding a virtual light above
20、 the cursor,Transparency is used to give user more clear visual cues about pens orientation. It should be noted that, besides arrow, the tilt cursor could have other appearances. We adopt arrow as the tilt cursors appearance in our research to make it consistent with the other two cursors, which are
21、 used in the evaluations. The size of the arrow cursor is the same as that in Windows XP for UI consistency.EXPERIMENTSWe conduct two experiments with touchpad. One is a circular menu selection task 1. The other is a specific marking menu selection task which is different from original marking menu
22、selection task 9. In our experiments, the specific marking menu selection task is a task about drawing a straight stroke from the center of start item to the center of destination item. In two experiments, we compare the movement time and movement precision of three cursors: the shape-fixed arrow cu
23、rsor (In this paper, the shape-fixed arrow cursor is defined as the normal cursor in GUI which has a fixed arrowhead), the live cursor, and the tilt cursor. Two experiments are used for validating our two hypotheses: Whether the 3D orientation cue of pen could not improve user performance in a circu
24、lar menu selection. Whether the 3D orientation cue of pen could significantly improve user performance in a specific marking menu selection task by enhancing S-R compatibility in drawing a straight stroke.Experiment 1: Circular Menu Selection TaskIn experiment 1, the circular menu task shares simila
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