东亚福利系统的主要特点Main feartures of East Asian welfare systems.pptx
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1、SWK5913 Lecture 2 Main features of East Asian welfare systemsProfessor Wong Chack Kie1SWK5913 2010-11Outline Glossary of social policyEast Asian welfare regimesTheir general featuresIs there a regime type of East Asian welfare system?The factors of cultural ideology(Confucianism)and globalisation of
2、 East Asian welfare regimes Common features of East Asian welfare regimesSWK5913 2010-112The welfare stateEikemo&Bambra(2008)“The term welfare state was accepted in Scandinavia in the 1930s,but was only used more widely after the second world war.However,there is still no accepted standard definitio
3、n of this concept.Conventionally,it has been used in a narrow sense,as a means of referring to the various postwar state measures for the provision of key welfare services and social transfers.The welfare state is thereby used as a shorthand for the states role in education,health,housing,poor relie
4、f,social insurance,in developed capitalist countries during the post-war period.3SWK5913 2010-11Welfare capitalism and welfare state regimesEikemo&Bambra(2008)continues Welfare capitalism“Welfare state capitalism is most widely associated with Esping-Andersens modern classic“The Three Worlds of Welf
5、are Capitalism“(1990),in which the welfare state is not just a set of social transfers and welfare services that are used to intervene in,and possibly correct,the structure of inequality.It is,in its own right,a system of social stratification,because the way in which the welfare state distributes w
6、elfare services has consequences for the social and economical hierarchy in society.More specifically,the welfare state actively(re-)organises social relations through the way in which it deliberately modifies market forces by guaranteeing citizens and families a minimum income(see social citizenshi
7、p or decommodification)and by reducing the welfare responsibilities of the family(see defamilisation).4SWK5913 2010-11DECOMMODIFICATION(去商品化)Eikemo&Bambra(2008)decommodification,essentially,is the extent to which individuals and families can maintain a normal and socially acceptable standard of livi
8、ng regardless of their market performance.Commodification,on the other hand,refers to the extent to which workers and their families are reliant upon the market sale of their labour.Labour became extensively commodified during the industrial revolution as workers became entirely dependent upon the m
9、arket for their survival.In the 20th century,social citizenship brought about a loosening of the pure commodity status of labour.5SWK5913 2010-11Human being treated as acommodity in labor market!Defamilisation(去家庭化)Eikemo&Bambra(2008)continues:Defamilisation is often defined as the degree to which i
10、ndividual adults can uphold a socially acceptable standard of living,independently of family relationships,either through paid work or through social security provisions.The concept has been operationalised by commentators as either the extent to which welfare states decommodify the family or the ex
11、tent to which the welfare state enables women to survive as independent workers and decreases the economic importance of the family in womens lives.SWK5913 2010-116Do we romanticize the family of modern society?SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP(社会公民身份)Eikemo&Bambra(2008)continues:citizenship is a status bestowed o
12、n those who are full members of a community and all who possess the status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which that status is endowed.Following Marshall(1963)there are three main components of citizenship:civil and political,which refer to individual freedoms and the right to
13、participate in the exercise of political power,and social citizenship.Social citizenship is the right to economic and social welfare in accordance with the standards prevailing in society.SWK5913 2010-117Voting right by secret ballot is of important to citizenshipUNIVERSALISM(普及主義)Eikemo&Bambra(2008
14、)continues:universalism means that social transfers and welfare services are granted for everyone on the basis of(social)citizenship.This implies that despite prevailing socioeconomic inequalities,every citizen is of equal worth within the welfare state.Universalism is most typically associated with
15、 the Social Democratic welfare states since these countries promote an equality of the highest standards of welfare services and social transfers.SWK5913 2010-118Do the minorities have the same entitlements as the rest of the population?However,some degree of universalism is also associated with tho
16、se welfare states based on the Beveridge(who built the post-war welfare state of the United Kingdom)model(for example,the National Health Service within the United Kingdom and Hong Kong),albeit in these cases it is often an equality of a basic minimum.Approaches counter to the principles of universa
17、lism are means testing(經濟評估)(in which entitlement is restricted on the basis of income and asset),targeting(目標篩選)(that is,when benefit receipt is only available to the restricted groups,often the most impoverished)or workfare(in which participation in employment or training is a condition of benefit
18、 entitlement).SWK5913 2010-119The poor have nothing income and wealth(means)Social transfers(社会轉移)Social transfers are interchangeably referred to in the literature as income maintenance(收入維持)programmes,social security or cash benefits(現金待遇/福利).They are the aspect of the welfare state most associate
19、d with income redistribution(收入再分配)for example,housing subsidies,unemployment,pensions and sickness and disability benefits.They are distinct from welfare services(health care,education,social services,etc).There are five main types of social transfer:SWK5913 2010-1110Depend on what your position,So
20、me have a negative view of The welfare state!1)Social insurance benefits(which are contribution based and therefore earned entitlements),2)Social assistance(often residual,means tested benefits for those who do not qualify for social insurance benefits),3)Categorical benefits(paid to specific groups
21、 as long as the criteria are metfor example,child benefit in the United Kingdom;old age allowance in Hong Kong),4)Occupational benefits(for example,sickness and disability pensions or maternity payments which are often administered by employers or other social partners)and;5)Fiscal transfers(tax all
22、owances and reliefs such as the earned income tax credit in the United States or the working tax credit in the United Kingdom).The relative value of social transfers as a replacement for wages。SWK5913 2010-1111WELFARE STATE REGIMES(福利國體系)According to Esping-Andersen,the welfare states of different c
23、ountries can be classified,on the basis of decommodification,social stratification and the private-public mix of welfare provision(the relative roles of the state,the family,the voluntary sector and the market in welfare provision),into three different groups or welfare state regimes:Liberal,Conserv
24、ative and Social Democratic(box 1).SWK5913 2010-1112Box 1Liberal welfare regimes Liberal welfare regimes(e.g.,United Kingdom,United States,Ireland,Canada,Australia),state provision of welfare is minimal,social transfers are modest and often attract strict entitlement criteria;and recipients are usua
25、lly means tested and stigmatised.In this model,the dominance of the market is encouraged both passively,by guaranteeing only a minimum,and actively,by subsidising private welfare schemes.The liberal welfare state regime thereby minimises the decommodification effects of the welfare state and a stark
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