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1、WARM-UP菲律宾学者撰文有力地证明,斯卡伯勒礁(The Scarborough Shoal z黄岩岛)的确是中国的领土。早在1279年元朝时期中国就发觉了黄岩岛,并列入中国版图。中国渔 民,不管是大陆的还是台湾的,自那时以来始终在那儿打渔。事实上,郭守竟是在蒙古忽 必烈汗(Kublai Khan )统治下工作的中国天文学家、工程师和数学家,就在南海进行科学考察,考察地点就是黄岩岛,它作为中沙群岛的一部分(1983年更名为黄岩岛X1 . The eloquent proof in an article by a Philippines scholar proved that Scarboro
2、ugh Shoal does belong to China, which is discovered and drawn in a map as early as 1279 during the Yuan Dynasty. Chinese fishermen, from both the Mainland and Taiwanf have since used it. As a matter of factf Guo Shoujing, the Chinese astronomer, engineer, and mathematician who worked under the Mongo
3、l ruler, Kublai Khanf performed surveying of the South China Sea, and surveying point was the Scarborough Shoal, which is considered part of the Zhongsha Islands(renamed Huangyan Island in 1983)汉语的复句我们这里争论的汉语复句只包括联合复句.偏正复句和紧缩句这三种常用的汉语复句。联合复句这种复句由总说和分说两部分组成,有的先总说后分说,有的则与此相反。翻译的关 键是分析句子的语义,把句子两部分弄清晰,这
4、是最重要的。找准后,把总说部分作为一 句翻译成文。分说部分应看语义表达的需要,可以断开成单句译出,也可不断开而用复句 翻译。L但他性情孤僻,既不求做官,又不交伴侣,终日闭门读书。He wasz however, eccentric. He did not look for an official post and did not even have any friends. All day he studied behind the closed doors.(2 )长沙火车站西边有两座大夏,一座是芙蓉宾馆,一座是华天酒家。Two buildings lie the west of Chang
5、Sha Railway Station. One is Lotus Hotel,the other is HuaTian Hotel.2 .要充分重视自然科学理论,如现代数学、高能物理、分子生物学等基础理论的争论, 稍有疏忽,就不能很好地解决我们建设中遇到的重大问题。Full attention must be paid to thoretical research in the natural sciences, including such basic subjects as modern mathematics, high energy physjcs, and molecular bi
6、ology. Negligance in this respect will make it impossible for us to master and apply the result of advanced world science and technology and properly solve important problems in our construction.(2)汉语长句的翻译1 .洪湖赤卫队的女领袖在狱中被熬煎得要死,知道自己活不成了,就叫同志们把她掩 埋在大路边的山嘴上,盼望在不久的将来望着那战无不胜的人民解放军成功进军。Realizing she was a
7、bout to die in the jail where she had been tortured almost to death, the woman leader of Hong Hu Red-Guards Army asked her comrades to bury her on the headland by the side of highway with a hope to let her watch the victorious march of the conquering People7 s Liberation Army in the near future.2 .一
8、阵风起,吹开了乌云,月亮露出来,月光泻进近旁的窗户,把我们自己和那个人 影照得清清晰楚,我们立即认出来,那是坦普尔小姐。Some heavy clouds, swept from the sky by arising wind, had left the moon bare, and her light, streaming in through the window near, shone full both on us and in the approaching figure, which we at once recognized as Miss Temple.3 .大凡拍马屁的,又总
9、有其目的,或是想保住什么,或是想得到什么,因而也不是对 谁都服从、迎合、奉承、献媚的。Most of people who lick boots have their own intentions to carry out, either to keep something or get something. So they are not obedient and flattery to everyone.在汉语里,手段和目的的关系,经常是先手段,后目的,即表示手段的语言放在前,表示目的的语言放在后面,在这个语段里拍马屁是手段,保住什么、得到什么 是目的。4对方对为禁止军备竞赛、禁止大规模杀
10、伤性武器及其全球集中进行的努力表示欣宝。The two sides expressed appreciation for the efforts in controlling arms race and weapons of massive destruction and their global proliferation.5 .不同民族、不同历史文化、不同社会制度和不同经济进展水平的我国和地区,应相 互敬重,求同存异,取长补短,和平共处,协商合作,推动建全公正合理的国际政治经济 新秩序,努力促进共同进展和富强。All countries or regions, regardless of
11、ethnicity, history, culture, social systems and level of economic development, should respect each other, seek common ground while setting aside differences, learn from each other to offset their own weakness, coexist peacefully, work for the establishment of a new, fair and rational international p
12、olitical and economic order and strive for common growth and prosperity through consultations and cooperation.6 .我们认为,这种屠戮生命的行径和其他一切形式的恐怖行为,不论发生在何时、何 地,针对何人,由谁所为,都严峻威逼着全部人民,全部信仰,以及全部我国的和平、富 强和平安。We consider the murderous deeds as well as other terrorist acts in all forms and manifestations, committe
13、d wherever, whenever and by whomsoever as a profound threat to the peace, prosperity and security of acc people, of all faiths, of all nations.7 .故宫是中国现存最好、最完整的古代建筑群。占地面积72万平方米,建筑面积约 法三章5万平方米。有大小数十个院落组成,房屋九千多间。The Imperial Palace, which is the most superb and the best preserved of all ancient archit
14、ectural complexes, occupies an area of 720.000 square metres. The built-up part, made up of large and small courtyards with the number of chambers reaching more than 9000, has a total space of some 150000 square metres.译文将原文三句调整为两句。将原文其次句中的两个小句拆开,一个附前,一个归后。 这样两句英语句子结构上整齐均匀。其次句的主语the built-up part与第一
15、句的The Imperial Palace同现,第一句中的which-分句与其次句中的made-up of分词短语语法 功能相当,谓语动词occupies与has又是同义形式。经过这样的调整,整个结构和谐统评述功能句的翻译汉语的评述功能句可以用英语的名词从句翻译。这种复句大致与英语的并列句类似,只是英语的并列句所包括的语义范围更广:并列.递进、选择.转折、缘由和结果。汉语的联合复句只包括并列.递进和选择。汉语这种复 句至少含两个大事概念。翻译的方法应视两个概念的规律关系行文。Perhaps the two most basic syntactic structures of human lan
16、guages are the clause and the phrase (noun phrase or prepositional/postpositional phrase; it generally functions as subject, object, or oblique element related to the main verb of the clause). The clause and the phrase are centered both actions (processes involving change) and states (where no chang
17、e is involved). Objects include persons and things that function as participants in those events. Obviously this description is an oversimplification of the semantics of clauses and phrases, but it is a useful starting point for delving into their true cognitive complexity.汉语复句翻译的基本理论1 .人类语言两个最基本的句子
18、结构是积木和子句,前者以事物为中心,后者以大事为中心。2 .大事是子句表达的,一个完整的概念单位,思维单位和翻译的单位。3 .语言篇章是贯穿了一条因果链,连接大事而成的有机整体。EX1.错误和挫折教训I了我们,使我们比较地聪慧起来。EX2.他解除劳改之后,由于无家可归留在农场放马,长了一名放牧员。EX3小辣椒见是书记,一愣,松开手,跟着就瘫了下来,滚地皮,大哭大叫。Little pepper was dumbfounded for a moment when seeing the Party Secretary, then she loosened her grip and collapsed
19、, crying and rolling on the ground.1 .月亮被云层遮住,星星一颗也看不见。The moon was hidden entirely behind the dark clouds and not a single star could be seen.假如月亮被云层遮住被译为:The dark clouds covered the moom就不好,由 于 cover 是在同一地方掩盖“如:Much of the country is covered by/with forests. Snow covered the ground.大雪掩盖了大地。2 .我做了午
20、餐,还做了蛋糕。I cooked lunch. And I made a cake.3 .我在站岗,观察敌人来了,我开枪射击,打退了敌人的进攻。When I was on sentry, I saw the enemy approaching. And I opened fire, and I beat off the attack.4 .中国人民团结在党中心四周,朝气蓬勃,奋勇前进。Rallying closely round the Party Central Committee, the Chinese people are advancing with vigor and valor.
21、汉语里,并列关系的复合句,有多个谓语,可以把它们翻译为一个谓语的简洁句。这 就需要分析各个谓语的规律联系。如本句的团结在.和前进都可以成为谓语,就 句子语义规律,前者表示方式,后者作为谓语。英语的介词短语具有动作意义,积木结构是子句概念。留意在翻译中的应用。例如:5 .他下棋赢了我。He beat me at chess.6 .他们最近的成功证明他们是最难战胜的队伍。Their recent wins have proved that they are still the most difficult team to beat5 .那边走过三个人来,头戴方巾,都有四五十岁光景,手摇白纸扇,缓步
22、而来。Behind him came three men in schoolars square caps, all some forty to fifty years old.Fanning themseves with whit paper fans , they advanced slowly.6 .这些厂子坚持改革开放,充分采用外资,生产大量的、多种多样的产品。Carrying out refoeming and opening up policy and making use of foreign money These factories tue out a wide range
23、of products in great quantities.2.我有个伴侣在北京工作。I have a friend , who works in BeiJing.这是汉语里的另一种联合复句:前一个子句的宾语,是后一个子句的主语。这样的联 合复句可以用英语的非限制性定语从句去翻译。又如:(2 )中国人创造了指南针,全世界都知道。China has invented the campass, which is known to all the world people.(3)半导体是一种新材料,这种材料在电子工业得到广泛的应用。Semi-conductor is a new kind of
24、material, which has found a wide use in electronics industry.(4)昨天晚上七点半我在剧院门口遇到了我多年来未曾见过的中学同学。I met with my middle school classmate at the entrance of the theatre at 7:30 yesterday evening ,whom I haven7 t seen for years.3.他不仅给我写了信,昨天还亲自来了。Not only did he write to me, but he came here yesterday.这个复句
25、是递进关系的联合复句:两个分句语义上具有递进关系。又如:(2 )世人错看了这位英雄,他其实是个傻瓜。The world people were mistaken about the hero, but he was really a foolish man.(3 )他反复尝试,但他没有成功。He tried and tried but without success.(4 )我喜爱城市生活,但城市之间也有差异。I like city life, but there are cities andcities.本句的and连接相同的词,强调差别(与不同X3.他或者不能来,或者不想来。Either
26、he could not come or he did not to want to.偏正复句的翻译1.他病了 /只能呆在家里。He had to stay at home because he was ill.这个句子是偏正复句。它包含两个子句:一个正句,一个偏句。汉语的偏正复句相当 于英语的状语从句复合句,正句是主句,偏句是从句,表示缘由、目的、条件、让步、转折等。又如:(2 )这些问题太难,我只能解答两个。Thes problems are so difficult that Icould answer the only two.(3 )要成为一个社会留意专家,首先应全心全意把自己的一切
27、献给社会主义事业。To be a socialist expert, the first thing to do is to give oneself wholeheartedly to the cause of socialism.(4)全部对我们友好的人都欢迎到这里来,不管他们有怎样的信仰。All the friendly people are welcome here regardless of their political faith.(5 )我走到一边,让孩子们过去。I stepped aside for the children to pass.(6 )很多同志没有到会,我们打算
28、延迟开会。Seeing many comrades were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.紧缩句这种句子,与单句形式类似:而表达复句意义的一种复句特别形式。详细有三种形式。1.他拿起帽子就走出去。Picking up his hatzhe left the room.这句子就是紧缩句,同一主语,带两个谓语,两个谓语间有关联词。语义具有因果联 系。又如:(2 )他们相见就拥抱。Seeing each other, they embrace.(3 )那两个孩子卷起子就打起来。Rolling uptheir sleeves, they bega
29、n to fight.(4 )我们自己穷便无力关心别人。Being poor ourselves, we could, nt help others.(5 )她长的美丽,却没有结婚。She is beautiful, but has not married.2.你再说就能为你。If you speak again, I shall criticize you.这种紧缩句的语言形式是:一个连词连接两个谓语动词,谓语动词的主语个不相同。 经常依据语义可翻译成状语从句。又如:(2 )他来了我才知道那件事。I knew nothing about it until he came.(3 )她不情愿去,
30、就不要牵强她。If she didn t want to go, you won t force her to.(4 )再说一句就把你从火车上扔下去。One more word and you will be thrown outof the train.3.我们T1 斤到这个好消息就兴奋得跳起来。We scarcely heard the good news when we jumped up for joy.这种紧缩句用一就越越谁谁.连接两个谓语动词的汉 语复句。这种复合句也常译成英语的状语从句复合句,本句就是一例。又如:(2 )他们一进工厂就开头干活了。No sooner had the
31、y gone to the factory than they started to work.(3 )他一见到我就跑了。He had hardly seen me when he ran off.(4 )山越危急,人越想制服它。The more dangerous mountains are, the more people wish to conquer it.(5 )火车越接近现场,那情景越可怕。The nearer the train appraoched the scene the drearier became the aspect.(6 )谁赞成这项方案,谁就举手。Those who are in favour of the plan raise their hands.(7 )谁不下乡,谁就不懂得农村。He who does not go to the countryside can t know it.总分复句
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