Sense relations 语义关系.ppt
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1、Senserelations语义关系Sense relations 语义关系Sense relations are the relations held between words within the vocabulary.1.synonymy 同义关系2.antonymy反义关系3.hyponymy下义关系4.homonymy同形同音异义关系5.定义,分类,比较6.5.polysemy一词多义typesofsynonymytotal/absolute/perfect synonymspartial synonyms(部分同义词)Synonymstotal/absolute/perfect
2、synonyms:(完全同完全同义词义词)are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects,i.e.both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning include.highly specialized vocabulary e.g.Scarlet-fever-scarlatina in medicinemalnutrition and undernourishmentWord building-word formationComposition-compoundingSynon
3、ymypartial synonyms(部分同义词)/relative相对refer to items which are close enough in their meaning to allow a choice to be made between them in some contexts without affecting the meaning of the sentence as a whole.(the importance of“context”)Lu(p335)Synonymypartial synonyms(部分同义词)(部分同义词)examples:able,capa
4、ble,nearly,almost announce,declaremore examples:phrases and idiomsFinallyat length Immediatelyat onceDepresslet downRequirecall for Synonymymore examples:phrases and idioms over head and ears in up to the neck in in a thousand and one ways by hook or by crook to die,to pass away,to kick the bucket死死
5、(中性中性),逝世,逝世(褒义褒义),蹬腿了蹬腿了(俚语俚语)1.sources of synonymy BorrowingWords of native origin form many couplets and triplets with those from other languages,e.g.Native foreign room chamber foe enemy begin commence buy purchase bodily corporal heaven sky 1.sources of synonymy BorrowingWords of native origin
6、form many couplets and triplets with those from other languages,e.g.Native French Latin ask question interrogate rise mount ascend fast firm secure fire flame conflagration fear terror trepidation time age epoch .Features:native words:colloquial,intimate French words:formal Latin or Greek words:more
7、 formal,frozen1.sources of synonymy Dialects and regional EnglishAm E Brt E help servant sidewalk pavement railroad railway elevator lift druggist chemist gasoline petrol installment plan hire-purchase system佣人佣人人行道人行道铁路铁路电梯电梯药品商药品商汽油汽油分期付款分期付款1.sources of synonymy figurative and euphemistic use of
8、wordse.g.Drunk-elevated(euph),lie-distort the fact(euph)coincidence with idomatic expressionse.g.wingain the upper handhesitate-be in two mindshelplend one a hand Discrimination of synonymsGenerally speaking,there is no difference between absolute synonyms whereas relative synonyms always differ in
9、one way or another.1.difference in range and intensity of meaning2.difference in stylistic features3.difference in emotive colouring 4.difference in application Discrimination of synonyms1.difference in range and intensity of meaning I did not comprehend his exposition or his arguments,although I un
10、derstood the language,and the grammatical import of each sentence.Understand is used in a much more extended sense than comprehend.work vs.toilDiscrimination of synonyms2.Difference in stylistic featuresPoliceman,constable,bobby,copPoliceman(Brt.&Am.E)and constable are neutral.Bobby is colloquial us
11、ed only in British English.Cop is slangy.Discrimination of synonyms3.Difference in emotive colouring Many words may be synonymous in conceptual meaning but differ in emotive values.e.g.result vs.consequenceLook at that lovely little boy.Look at that small boy.Look at that tiny boy.Discrimination of
12、synonyms4.Difference in application EmptyVacant SeatChair apartment BoxStreetRoom some interesting expressions汉语中有“差点儿”,“差不点儿”;“好容易”,“好不容易”;“好繁华”,“好不繁华”英语中有“valuable”and“invaluable”“flammable”and“inflammable”“shameful”and“shameless”“heritable”and“inheritable”“agoodscare”and“abadscare”“afatchance”and
13、“aslimchance”“quitealot”and“quiteafew”Confusable words容易混淆的词Predictv.语言predicatev论断Masterfula专横的masterlya熟练的Alternatea交替的alternativeaFatefulfatalInformern告密者informant提供消息者Intense强烈的intensiveObservancen遵守observation观察Confusable words容易混淆的词doubt,suspect“怀疑,疑心”I_he was suffering from peptic ulcer.The d
14、octor_he was sufferingObject,oppose反对They all _to my proposal.The African people strongly_imperialist intervention in their internal affairs.Antonymy反义关系Types of antonyms Feature of antonymsThe Use of AntonymsAntonymy 反义关系反义关系Antonymy deals with semantic opposition.反义关系研究的是语义上的对立。What are antonyms?A
15、ntonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.反义词可被定义为意义上对立的词。Types of antonymsMorphologically,antonyms can be divided into root antonyms(词根反义词)and derivative antonyms(派生反义词).P340词根反义词词根反义词:clearvague,longshort,updown,whiteblack派生反义词派生反义词:code-decode,appeardisappear,usefuluseless,pre
16、warpostwarTypes of antonymsSemantically,antonyms can be divided into three types:ComplementaryContraryConverses(1)Complementaries互补反义词 Complementaries are forms of antonyms which truly represent oppositeness of meaning.互补反义词是真正反映意义对立的反义词形式。binary antonyms二元反义词nongradableExamples in the textbook:Adj.
17、:dead alive,present absent,male female,true false,Noun:boy girl,man womanV.pass-fail;hit-missFeatures of complementaries 互补反义词的特点(1)They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them.The assertion of one is the denial of the other or vice versa.(
18、2)Another distinctive feature of this category is that such antonyms are nongradable.-张维友(2)Contraries相对反义词gradable antonymsContraries are best envisaged in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.old,middle-aged,younghot,_,cold beautiful,_,ugly Very big/big/quite/big/medium-sized/qui
19、te small/small/tinywarm,coolgood-looking,plainSuch words also show the feature of gradability,that is,superlative degree or comparative degree,even some adverbs can be added into the two poles to indicate the words are gradable.eg.Younger,youngest,very young,relatively young(2)Contraries 相对反义词相对反义词A
20、ntonyms of this kind are characteristic ofsemantic polarity.Theseantonymsformpartofa scale of values between two poles and canaccommodateamiddlegroundbelongingneithertoonepolenortotheother.这种反义词的特点是语义二极性。这些反义词形成了处于两极之间的一支等值尺,并可以提供不属于两端的中间地带。(2)Contraries 相对反义词相对反义词(3)Converses关系反义词Converses consist
21、of relational opposites such as parentchild,husbandwife,predecessorsuccessor,employeremployee.The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other.a.Nouns:husband-wife;student-teacher;doctor-patient;b.Verbs:buy-sell;teach-lear
22、n;give-take;rent-let;save-waste;win-losec.Prepositions:above-below;in front of-behind;Note天地heavenandearth夫妻manandwife因果causeandeffect来去comeandgo远近farandnear黑白blackandwhite厚薄thickandthinNote1.fire and water 2.heat and cold3.eat and drink4.right and left5.rich and poor6.old and new7.heavy and light8.
23、sooner or later 水火水火寒暑寒暑饮食饮食左右左右贫富贫富新旧新旧轻重轻重迟早迟早TheUseofAntonyms反义词的使用(1)Antonym have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in defining the meanings of a given word.反义词有各种实际用途,在解释词义方面早就被证明很有用处、很有价值。fresh bread,fresh air,fresh flowers,fresh lookstale bread,stuffy air,faded
24、flowers,tired look The Use of Antonyms 反义词的使用(2)Antonyms are useful in enabling us to express economically the opposite of a particular thought,often for the sake of contrast.反义词能使我们简洁地表达一特定思想的反面,常常是为了形成对比。here and there,friend or foe,first and last 总的来说rain or shine,无论如何 thick and thin 赴汤蹈火high and
25、 low到处,各地give and take 互相迁就,忍让TheUseofAntonyms反义词的使用(3)Antonymsareoftenusedtoformantithesistoachieveemphasisbyputtingcontrastingideastogether.反义词常用来构成对偶句,以便将对立的思想放在一起取得强调的效果Art is long,life is short.Easy come,easy go.More hate,less speed.United we stand,divided we fall.Hope for the best and prepare
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