Chap_19收入与歧视(经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语)qxt.pptx
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1、Earnings and Discrimination收入与歧视收入与歧视Chapter 19Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Differences in Earnings in the U.S.Today当前美国的收入差距当前美国的收入差距uThe typical physician earns about$200,000 a year.普通医生一年赚到普通医生一年赚到20万美元左右。万美元左右。uThe typical police officer earns about$50,000
2、a year.普通警官一年赚到普通警官一年赚到5万美元左右。万美元左右。uThe typical farm worker earns about$20,000 a year.普通农业工人一年赚到普通农业工人一年赚到2万美元左右。万美元左右。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.What causes earnings to vary so much?什么原因造成个人收入差距如此之大?什么原因造成个人收入差距如此之大?uWages are governed by labor supply and l
3、abor demand.工资由劳动供给与劳动需求决定。工资由劳动供给与劳动需求决定。uLabor demand reflects the marginal productivity of labor.劳动需求反映了劳动的边际生产率。劳动需求反映了劳动的边际生产率。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.What causes earnings to vary so much?什么原因造成个人收入差距如此之大?什么原因造成个人收入差距如此之大?uIn equilibrium,each worker i
4、s paid the value of his or her marginal contribution to the economys production of goods and services.在均衡时,每个工人都得到了他对经济在均衡时,每个工人都得到了他对经济中物品与劳务生产的边际贡献的价值。中物品与劳务生产的边际贡献的价值。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Some Determinants of Equilibrium Wages决定均衡工资的若干因素决定均衡工资的若干因素uC
5、ompensating differentials 补偿性差别工资补偿性差别工资uHuman capital 人力资本人力资本uAbility,effort,and chance 能力、努力和机遇能力、努力和机遇uSignaling 信号信号uThe superstar phenomenon 超级明星现象超级明星现象Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Compensating DifferentialsuCompensating differentials refer to difference
6、s in wages that arises from nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs.uCoal miners are paid more than others with similar levels of education.uNight shift workers are paid more than day shift workers.uProfessors are paid less than lawyers and doctors.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyrigh
7、t 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.补偿性差别工资补偿性差别工资u补偿性差别工资补偿性差别工资 是指不同工作的非货币是指不同工作的非货币特性所引起的工资差别。特性所引起的工资差别。u煤矿工人得到的工资高于其他有相似教育水煤矿工人得到的工资高于其他有相似教育水平的工人。平的工人。u夜班工人的工资高于同类白班工人。夜班工人的工资高于同类白班工人。u教授的工资低于受教育时间大致相同的律师教授的工资低于受教育时间大致相同的律师和医生。和医生。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Human Ca
8、pital 人力资本人力资本uHuman capital is the accumulation of investments in people.人力资本人力资本对人的教育和在职对人的教育和在职培训投资的积累。培训投资的积累。uThe most important type of human capital is education.最主要的人力资本是教育。最主要的人力资本是教育。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Human Capital1.Education represents an
9、expenditure of resources at one point in time to raise productivity in the future.2.By the year 2000,a man with a college degree earned more than 89 percent more than without one.Women showed a 70 percent increase in earnings due to a college degree.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 200
10、1 by Harcourt,Inc.人力资本人力资本u 教育代表着为了提高未来生产率而教育代表着为了提高未来生产率而在某一时点的资源支出。在某一时点的资源支出。u 2000年,一个有大学学位的男人的年,一个有大学学位的男人的平均收入比没有大学学位的男人多平均收入比没有大学学位的男人多89。对于妇女来说,上大学的报。对于妇女来说,上大学的报酬高出酬高出70。Table 1 Average Annual Earnings by Educational AttainmentCopyright2004 South-Western表表1.受受教育者的平均年收入教育者的平均年收入Copyright2004
11、 South-Western1980年年2000年年男人男人 高中,未上大学 36 430美元 36 770美元 大学毕业 52 492美元 69 421美元 大学水平的额外百分点 44 +89%妇女妇女 高中,未上大学 14 953美元 17 898美元 大学毕业 23 170美元 35 431美元 大学水平的额外百分点 55 +98%注释:收入数据根据通货膨胀进行了调整,并用2000年美元表示。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Why has the gap in earnings bet
12、ween skilled and unskilled workers risen in recent years?uInternational trade has altered the relative demand for skilled and unskilled labor.uChanges in technology have altered the relative demand for skilled and unskilled labor.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.为什
13、么近年熟练工人与非熟练工人之间的为什么近年熟练工人与非熟练工人之间的收入差距扩大了呢?收入差距扩大了呢?u国际贸易改变了对熟练劳动与非熟练国际贸易改变了对熟练劳动与非熟练劳动的相对需求。劳动的相对需求。u技术变革改变了熟练劳动与非熟练劳技术变革改变了熟练劳动与非熟练劳动的相对需求。动的相对需求。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Ability,Effort,and ChancenNatural ability is important for workers in all occupation
14、s.nMany personal characteristics determine how productive workers are and,therefore,play a role in determining the wages they earn.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.能力、努力和机遇能力、努力和机遇n对所有职业的工人来说,天赋能力对所有职业的工人来说,天赋能力都是重要的。都是重要的。n许多个人特点决定了工人的劳动生许多个人特点决定了工人的劳动生产率,因此这些特点在决
15、定工人所产率,因此这些特点在决定工人所挣得的工资水平上起着重要作用。挣得的工资水平上起着重要作用。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.An Alternative View of Education:Signaling教育的另一种观点:信号教育的另一种观点:信号uFirms use educational attainment as a way of sorting between high-ability and low-ability workers.企业把教育状况作为区分高能力工人与低能企
16、业把教育状况作为区分高能力工人与低能力工人的一种方法。力工人的一种方法。uIt is rational for firms to interpret a college degree as a signal of ability.企业把大学学位解释为能力的企业把大学学位解释为能力的信号信号是合理是合理的。的。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Superstar PhenomenonuSuperstars arise in markets that exhibit the followi
17、ng characteristics:uEvery customer in the market wants to enjoy the good supplied by the best producer.uThe good is produced with a technology that makes it possible for the best producer to supply every customer at a low cost.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.超级明星现
18、象超级明星现象u超级明星超级明星 产生在有两个特点的市场产生在有两个特点的市场上:上:u市场上每位顾客都想享受最优生产者提供的市场上每位顾客都想享受最优生产者提供的物品。物品。u使最优生产者以低成本向每位顾客提供物品使最优生产者以低成本向每位顾客提供物品成为可能的是生产这种物品所用的技术。成为可能的是生产这种物品所用的技术。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Above-Equilibrium Wages:Minimum-Wage Laws,Unions,and Efficiency Wages
19、nWhy are some workers wages set above the level that brings supply and demand into equilibrium?Minimum-wage lawsMarket power of labor unionsEfficiency wagesHarcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.高于均衡工资高于均衡工资:最低工资法、工会和效率工资最低工资法、工会和效率工资n为什么一些工人的工资确定在高于使为什么一些工人的工资确定在高于使劳动供求
20、均衡的水平上?劳动供求均衡的水平上?最低工资法最低工资法工会的市场势力工会的市场势力效率工资效率工资Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Above-Equilibrium Wages:Minimum-Wage Laws,Unions,and Efficiency Wages nUnionsA union is a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions.nStrikeA s
21、trike refers to the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.高于均衡工资高于均衡工资:最低工资法、工会和效率工资最低工资法、工会和效率工资n工会工会工会工会 与雇主谈判工资和工作条件与雇主谈判工资和工作条件的工人协会。的工人协会。n罢工罢工罢工罢工工会有工会有 组织地从企业撤出劳组织地从企业撤出劳动。动。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items
22、 copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Above-Equilibrium Wages:Minimum-Wage Laws,Unions,and Efficiency Wages nEfficiency WagesThe theory of efficiency wages holds that a firm can find it profitable to pay high wages because doing so increases the productivity of its workers.High wages may:reduce worker tur
23、nover.increase worker effort.raise the quality of workers that apply for jobs at the firm.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.高于均衡工资高于均衡工资:最低工资法、工会和效率工资最低工资法、工会和效率工资n效率工资效率工资效率工资效率工资 认为,企业会发现支付高工资认为,企业会发现支付高工资是有利的,因为这样做提高了工人的生产是有利的,因为这样做提高了工人的生产率。率。高工资会高工资会:减少工人的流动性;减
24、少工人的流动性;提高工人的努力程度;提高工人的努力程度;提高适应企业的工人素质。提高适应企业的工人素质。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Economics of DiscriminationDiscrimination occurs when the marketplace offers different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race,ethnic group,sex,age,or othe
25、r personal characteristics.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.歧视经济学歧视经济学当市场向那些仅仅是种族、宗教、当市场向那些仅仅是种族、宗教、性别、年龄或其他个人特征不同的性别、年龄或其他个人特征不同的相似个人提供了不同的机会时,相似个人提供了不同的机会时,就出现了就出现了歧视歧视。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Economics of Discrimin
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