心的外形和腔内结构.pptx
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1、心的外形和腔内结构心的外形和腔内结构External Shape of the Heart&Internal Structures of heart ChambersMax Song(宋本才)(宋本才)Department of Anatomy,Tongji Medical Collegeof Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyContents1.Introduction 2.Location,relationship&shape of the heart3.Internal structures of heart chambers4.S
2、eptum of the heartIntroduction to Vascular SystemPart 1The vascular system is a closed network of vessels in the body.It is subdivided into the cardiovascular and the lymphatic systems.The cardiovascular system consists of the blood,the heart,and the blood vessels which include the arteries,capillar
3、ies and veins.It transports numerous substances to and from cells for their survival and is sometimes called the circulatory system.The lymphatic system is composed of lymphatics,lymphoid tissue and lymphoid organs.It transports a fluid (called lymph)that has escaped from blood vessels back to blood
4、stream at the junction of the jugular and subclavian veins at both sides of the neck.The lymphatic system is an immune and defensive system of the body.Cardiovascular SystemHeartArteries CapillariesVeinsBlood Circulation The flow of blood through the network of the blood vessels in the body over and
5、 over again is called blood circulation.The blood circulation can be divided into two parts:systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.The systemic(greater)circulation is circulation of blood through which blood flows from left ventricle into the aorta and its branches to all parts of the body,a
6、nd returns to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava.The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood throughout the body and picks up carbon dioxide from body tissues.In this process,blood changes from arterial blood to venous blood;its color changes from scarlet to dark red.Blood ve
7、ssels in the systemic circuit also(1)pick up nutrients from the digestive tract and deliver them to cells throughout the body,and(2)receive nitrogenous wastes from body cells and transport them to the kidneys for elimination in the urine.The pulmonary(lesser)circulation is circulation of blood throu
8、gh which blood flows from the right ventricle into pulmonary trunk and its branches to the lungs,and returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.When blood flows through capillaries in the lungs,it discharges carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen from the alveoli.So the blood changes back from v
9、enous blood to arterial blood,its color changes from dark red to scarlet as well.The arteries and veins of the pulmonary circuit have thinner walls than do systemic vessels of comparable diameter,reflecting the fact that the maximum arterial pressure here is only one-sixth that in the systemic circu
10、it.In spite of the blood circulation can be divided into the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation,the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation are interdependent.The heart connects systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation,and the heart not only provides dynamic to systemic circ
11、ulation,but also to pulmonary circulation.Functions of Vascular SystemTransportMaintain of internal environmentImmune and DefensiveEndocrineVascular Anastomosis and SignificanceBetween artery and arteryBetween vein and veinBetween artery and vein:For instance,existing in tips of fingers,apex of nose
12、 and auricleColleteral Anatomosis&Colleteral CirculationPart 2 Location,relationship&shape of the heart1.SizeRoughly equal clenched fist of the same individualmale:300g;female:250gThe size of the heart varies from person to person2.Locationin the thoracic cavityoccupies middle medastinumEnclosed by
13、pericardium2/3 in left,1/3 in rightThe angle between the cardiac axis and midsagittal plane is 45 degree.Since the heart has rotated slightly to the left during embryonic development,therefore,the atria are posterior and superior to the ventricles,and the right atrium and ventricle are anterior to t
14、he left atrium and ventricle and to the right.So:The right atrium forms the right border of the heart.The right ventricle forms most potion of sternocostal surface and small portion of diaphragmatic surface.The left atrium forms the base of the heart and lies in the back of the heart.The left ventri
15、cle forms the left border,apex and most portion of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart.心的位置与体型有关,故正常心按位置分三型:心的位置与体型有关,故正常心按位置分三型:(1)垂位心垂位心 纵径与膈的夹角大于纵径与膈的夹角大于45,左、右心横径比小于左、右心横径比小于2:1。见于瘦长型。见于瘦长型(2)横位心横位心 纵径与膈的夹角小于纵径与膈的夹角小于45,左、右心横径比大于左、右心横径比大于2:1。见于矮胖型。见于矮胖型(3)斜位心斜位心 纵径与膈的夹角等于纵径与膈的夹角等于45,左、右心横径比约为
16、左、右心横径比约为2:1。见于适中型。见于适中型心的位置异常心的位置异常位于胸前壁皮下位于胸前壁皮下位于腹腔位于腹腔3.RelationshipsAnterior-sternum,26 cartilagesPosterior-58 thoracic vertebraeInferior-DiaphragmSuperior-great blood vesselsLateralpleural cavity,lungs心和心包的心和心包的前方前方大部分被左、右肺前缘及胸膜腔遮掩,仅在下部有一三角形大部分被左、右肺前缘及胸膜腔遮掩,仅在下部有一三角形区域不被肺及胸膜腔遮掩,心及心包在此三角区与胸骨体下部
17、及左侧第区域不被肺及胸膜腔遮掩,心及心包在此三角区与胸骨体下部及左侧第4、5肋肋软骨相邻,此区成为软骨相邻,此区成为心包裸区心包裸区,为心内注射的入路。故心内注射时可选择胸骨,为心内注射的入路。故心内注射时可选择胸骨左缘第四肋间隙进针,而不会伤及肺和胸膜。心和心包前面的上部可有部分胸左缘第四肋间隙进针,而不会伤及肺和胸膜。心和心包前面的上部可有部分胸腺残余(见前图)。腺残余(见前图)。Posteriorly,there are the thoracic aorta,esophagus,bronchi,thoracic duct,azygos vein,vagus nerves,posterio
18、r mediastinal lymph nodes between the heart and vertebral column.Laterally,the phrenic Nerve and pericardiacophrenic vessels descend betweenthe pericardium and mediastinal pleura.Superiorly,great blood vessels leave and enter the heart.The pumonary trunk arises from the right ventricle.Its inferior
19、part is enclosed by the pericardium.The ascending aorta arises from the leftventricle and is also enclosed by the pericardium.The spacebetween the bifurcation of pulmonary trunk and aortic arch is the aortic window.The superior vena cavaenters the right atrium,its inferior part is within the pericar
20、dial cavity.Inferiorly,the fibrous pericardium is fused with the diaphragm.The diaphragm separates the heart from the left lobe of live and stomach.4.External Shape The heart is anteroposterior a little flattened pyramidal in shape.Therefore,it is generally described as having an apex,a base,Two sur
21、faces,three borders and four groves.Apexformed by left ventricle point to the left,forward,downward9 cmBasePosterior part of the heartFormed by left,right atria and one part of the left ventricleface to the right,dorsalward,upwardBase High posterior wall(straight posterior wall)Sternocostal Surface
22、anterior wallformed by right atrium,ventricle and left ventricleSurfaces(2)Sternocostal Surface Diaphragmatic Surface inferior wallformed by left ventricles(most portion)and right ventricle(small portion)Diaphragm surface Right Border-formed by right atrium,verticalInferior Border formed by left and
23、 right ventricles,sharp,horizontalLeft Border-formed by left ventricle and atrium,rounded,obliqueBorders(3)左缘左缘右缘右缘下缘下缘左缘左缘下缘下缘右缘右缘1.Coronary groove(冠状沟冠状沟)-separate atria and ventricle2.Anterior interventricular groove(前室间沟前室间沟)-separate left and right ventricles3.Posterior interventricular groove(
24、后室间沟后室间沟)-separate left and right ventricles4.Interatrial groove(房间沟房间沟)-separate left and right atriaGrooves(4)冠状沟冠状沟 Atrioventricular Crux位于后房间沟位于后房间沟,后室,后室间沟及冠状沟交汇处,间沟及冠状沟交汇处,是一个区域,是左、是一个区域,是左、右心房和左、右心室右心房和左、右心室在心脏后面的相互连在心脏后面的相互连接处,是各心腔在膈接处,是各心腔在膈面的临界点。其深有面的临界点。其深有房室结动脉通过,是房室结动脉通过,是心表面的一重标志。心表面的一
25、重标志。Internal structures of heart chambersPart 3心心由于心在发育由于心在发育过程中沿心轴过程中沿心轴向左轻度旋,向左轻度旋,因此左半心位因此左半心位于右半心的左于右半心的左后方,即:后方,即:右室右室58点点右房右房811点点左房左房111点点左室左室15点。点。位置位置:位于心脏的右上部,在右室的右后上方,左房之右前方,为心最靠右的部分。位于心脏的右上部,在右室的右后上方,左房之右前方,为心最靠右的部分。分部分部:右房腔大壁薄,分为前、后二部。前部为右房腔大壁薄,分为前、后二部。前部为固有心房固有心房,后部为,后部为腔静脉窦腔静脉窦,两部以,两部
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