Chapter-1-PREFACE-先进制造技术双语教学课件.ppt
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1、CompanyLOGOAdvancedManufacturingAdvancedManufacturingTechnologyTechnology(AMT)(AMT)Huzhou Teachers CollegePREFACEManufacturingManufacturing(fromLatin,makingbyhand)istheuseoftoolsandlabortomakethingsforuseorsale.Thetermmayrefertoarangeofhumanactivity,fromhandicrafttohightech,butismostcommonlyappliedt
2、oindustrialproduction,inwhichrawmaterialsaretransformedintofinishedgoodsonalargescale.technologyTechnologyistheprocessbywhichhumansmodifynaturetomeettheirneedsandwants.Advanced manufacturing technology AMT involvesnewmanufacturingtechniquesandmachinescombinedwiththeapplicationofinformationtechnology
3、,micro-electronicsandorganizationalpracticeswithinthemanufacturingprocess.hardwaretechnologiesofAMTsAMTs“soft”technologiesofAMTsSameexamplesThehardwaretechnologieshavefoundwideacceptanceindiscretemanufacturingandinresourceandprocessingsectors.Computernumericcontrolshavebeenappliedtosystemsformachini
4、ng,forming,cuttingandmoulding.Theaccuracy,speedandcontrolofrobotshaveimprovedsignificantlyand,asaresult,theyareusedextensivelyinwelding,painting,materialhandlingandanenormousnumberofuniqueassemblyapplications.Computer-integratedmanufacturing(CIM)isappliedinmachineshopsfortoolbuilding,theproductionof
5、enginesandbodyassembliesforpassengercars,themanufactureofairplanelandinggearandtheproductionofhypodermicneedlesforthemedicaldevicessector.CIMS是英语是英语Computer Integrated Manufacturing System是计算机集成制造系统。它是随着是计算机集成制造系统。它是随着计算机辅助设计与制造的发展而产生的。计算机辅助设计与制造的发展而产生的。它是在信息技术、自动化技术与制造的基它是在信息技术、自动化技术与制造的基础上,通过计算机技术
6、把分散在产品设计础上,通过计算机技术把分散在产品设计制造过程中各种孤立的自动化子系统有机制造过程中各种孤立的自动化子系统有机地集成起来,形成适用于多品种、小批量地集成起来,形成适用于多品种、小批量生产,实现整体效益的集成化和智能化制生产,实现整体效益的集成化和智能化制造系统。集成化反映了自动化的广度,造系统。集成化反映了自动化的广度,智智能化则体现了自动化的深度,它不仅涉及能化则体现了自动化的深度,它不仅涉及物资流控制的传统体力劳动自动化,还包物资流控制的传统体力劳动自动化,还包括信息流控制的脑力劳动的自动化。括信息流控制的脑力劳动的自动化。Thenatureofcompetitioninma
7、nufacturinghaschanged.High-qualityandhighlycustomizedgoodsaredemanded.Thereisapremiumforbeingthefirsttomarketwithaproduct.Thishascreatedademandforhardandsofttechnologiesthathelpshortendesignandproductioncycles.Manufacturingpracticesandprocesseshavecomeunderincreasedpressurefromglobalcompetition.Dema
8、ndsforimprovedcustomerservice,breadthofproductline,improvedquality,quickresponseandamuchshortenedtime-to-marketfornewproductintroductioncannotbeignoredbyfirms.Inthefaceoftheseintensepressures,manufacturersaroundtheworldaremovingawayfrommassproductionmanufacturingprocesses.Theyareturningtogreaterflex
9、ibilityandspeedinmanufacturingpractices.ThesepracticeshavebecomethefoundationforBestinClassmanufacturersandprocessors.Manufacturinghasbeeninfluencedbytradeliberalization,globalcompetition,marketfragmentation,technologicalinnovationandthedemandsofmoresophisticatedconsumers,inresponsetothesepressures,
10、manufacturersareincorporatingmoreflexibilityandtechnologyintheirproductionpractices.Thesefeatureshavebecomeatrade-markofworld-classcorporations.AMTsareakeyenablerforfirmsattemptingtomeetworld-classperformancetargets.Alathe(车床)from1911showingcomponentparts.2.1770:constructionofsimpleproductionmachine
11、sandmechanization(机械化)started.3.Attheturnof20thcentury:fixedautomaticmechanismsandtransferlinesformassproductioncomealong.3.Attheturnof20thcentury:fixedautomaticmechanismsandtransferlinesformassproductioncomealong.1913FordModelTassemblyline4.Next:machiningtoolswithsampleautomaticcontrol.5.1952:thein
12、troductionofnumericalcontrol(NC)openedanewerainautomation.6.Next:computerizednumericalcontrol(CNC)formachinetools.7.1961:industrialrobotsweredevelopedwithCNCsystem.8.Present:afullyautomaticfactorywithFMS(FlexibleManufactureSystem,一组数控机床和其他自动化的工艺设备,由计算机信息控制系统和物料自动储运系统有机结合的整体),CAD/CAMtechniques.Chapte
13、r1ComputersinManufacturingComputersarebeinggivenanincreasinglyimportantroleinmanufacturingsystems.Acomputersabilitytoreceiveandhandlelargeamountsofdata,coupledwiththeirfastprocessingtime,makesasystemapproachindispensable.Computerapplicationinmanufacturingproductioncontrolsthephysicalprocessandistypi
14、callyreferredtoascomputer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM).ItisbuiltonthefoundationofsuchsystemsasCNC,AC,robotics,automatedguidedvehiclesystem(AGVS),automatedstorage/retrievalsystem(AS/RS),andflexiblemanufacturingsystem(FMS).Manyinterrelatedmanufacturingactivitiesaregroupedtogethertoformaspecialapplicationsy
15、stemthatmaybereferredtoasaproductionandcontrolsystem(PACS).APACSisdefinedasasubsysteminaglobalmanufacturingenvironment.Itmaybeasinglesubsystem,oritmaybeacomplexsetofsubsystems.ForPACStomeettheirdesignedfunctionalrequirements,theyshouldbedesignedtofunctionindependentlyofotherPACS.Also,PACSshouldbeabl
16、etoworkcollectivelywithotherPACSinatotalintegratedmanufacturingenvironment.EachPACSinthetotalsystemcanhaveaneffectontheotherPACSinthetotalsystem,andasystemsplanningapproachmustbetakenforthefollowingreasons:Thismarriageisthebasisforcomputer-aidedproductionandcontrolsystems(CAPACS),whicharecomputer-dr
17、ivenCAPACS.Thus,CAPACShaveincreasedtherolesofsmartmachinesinproductionandcontrolfunctions.Thewaysinwhichproductionoperationsareconceptualized,formulized,discharged,andperformedarebeingchangedbyCAPACS.TypicalCAPACSinmanufacturingareasfollows:Fig.1.3givesanoverviewofCAPACSworkingfromanintegrateddataba
18、sesystem.Fig.1.3overviewofCAPACSTheapplicationofCAPACStothemanufacturingprocessenablesthetotalsystemtoincreaseproductivity,reducewaste,andproducethingsitwouldnototherwisebeabletomake.Asaresult,newtechnologies,demandsforproductsofhigherqualityandlowerproductioncosts,andtheneedsforimprovedtechnologyin
19、acompetitivesocietyhavecausedextensiveuseofCAPACS.1.1.1AutomationConceptsAutomationmaybedefinedasasystemthatisrelativelyself-operating.KUKAIndustrialrobotsengagedinvehicleunderbodyassemblyAutomationorindustrialautomationornumericalcontrolistheuseofcontrolsystemssuchascomputerstocontrolindustrialmach
20、ineryandprocesses,reducingtheneedforhumanintervention.Suchasystemincludescomplexmechanicalandelectronicdevicesandcomputer-basedsystemthattaketheplaceofobservation,effort,anddecisionbyahumanoperator.Itisasystemthatexhibitspropertiesofhumanbeingsbyfollowingpredeterminedoperationsorrespondingtoencodedi
21、nstructions.1.1.2ComputerProcessControlProcesscontrolinvolvesthecontrolofvariablesinamanufacturingprocess,whereoneormanycombinationofmaterialsandequipmentproducesormodifiesaproducttomakeitmoreusefulandhencemorevaluable.Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical or mechanical steps to aid
22、 in the manufacture of an item or items,usually carried out on a very large scale.Inprocesscontrolsystems,thecomputerservesasthecontrolmechanismthatautomaticallycontrolscontinuousoperations.Twokindsofcontrolsystemsaretheopenloopandtheclosedloop.Open loop systemControlsystemClosed loop systemInanopen
23、-loopcontrolsystem,thecomputerdoesnotitselfautomatetheprocess.Thatis,thereisnoself-correction.Theprocessremainsunderthedirectcontrolofhumanoperators,whoreadfromvarioussourcesofinformationsuchasinstruments,setcalibrateddialsforprocessregulation,andchangethecontrollingmedium.Closed-loopcontrolsystemsu
24、secomputerstoautomatetheprocess.Thecomputerisdirectlyinchargeoftheprocess.Itadjustsallcontrolsfromtheinformationprovidedbysensingdevicesinthesystemtokeeptheprocesstothedesiredspecifications,atechniquethatusesafeedbackmechanism.Feedbackistheactionofmeasuringthedifferencebetweentheactualresultandthede
25、siredresultandusingthatdifferencetodrivetheactualresulttowardthedesiredresult.Thetermfeedbackcomesfromameasuredsampleoftheoutputoftheprocess(production)functionthatbecomestheinputofthecontrolfunction.Thatis,theoutputofthecontrolfunction,meetingspecialdesignedrequirementsistheinputtothecontrolsystem.
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