Chapt-5-Biological-Basis-of-Emotions-(II)--Neuro-c.ppt
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1、Chapter 5Biological Basis of Emotions(II):Neuro-chemicals,modulation and emotions Fall,2008 Psychology of Emotions 1Three functional neurochemicalsNeurotransmitter(神经递质):Small molecules,release to synapses Acety choline(Ach)已酰胆碱 Mon-amines(单胺类)Indoleamines 引哚胺:Serotonin(五羟色胺)Catecholamines 儿茶酚胺 Dopa
2、mine(多巴胺)Norepinephrine(去甲肾上腺素)Epinephrine(肾上腺素)Fall,2008 Psychology of Emotions 2Three functional neurochemicals Amino acids 氨基酸:Glutamate GABANeuromodulators(神经调质)Peptides 肽 Endorphins 内啡肽 Endogenous opiates 内源性吗啡 Cholecystokinin(CCK)缩胆囊素 Substance P(质)Neuropeptide Y(神经肽)Fall,2008 Psychology of Em
3、otions 3Purines嘌呤Adenosine ATPGasesNitric Oxidehormones Pituitary Oxytocin(催产素)Adrenaline Norepinephrine(去甲肾上腺素)Epinephrine(肾上腺素)Cortisol(肾上腺皮质素,可的松)Fall,2008 Psychology of Emotions 4A Case of Restoration of transmitter function in the striatal region Sleeping sickness(happen in 1916-1917 Europe;rep
4、orted by Sacks 1973“Awakenings”)Virus attacked the striatal regions 5 million victims;Syndromes:sitting motionless and speechless all day,observing but doing nothing;L-Dopa(discovered in 1969)was to restore dopamines functions in the regions-awakening Dopamines function:increase joy and excitement,a
5、s well as strong appetites,sexual and other passions!Fall,2008 Psychology of Emotions 6Integration of neurochemical and anatomical information emotional behaviorJaak Panksepps proposals:Discrete emotions have its own distinctive brain organization and somewhat localized anatomically;lesion and stimu
6、lation studies;Discrete emotion systems employ its own transmitter substances,neuromodulators and in some cases hormones;drugs studies;Emotional systems are common to many species;Animal studies Fall,2008 Psychology of Emotions 7Emotional systems:Anatomical and neurochemical mechanisms Category 1:th
7、e reflexive affects 反射性情绪,eg.Startle reflex,gustatory disgust,pain,and various homeostatic distress(eg.hungers)and pleasures(e.g.good tastes)Organized in quite low regions of the brainstem,and have metaphoric represents within our higher cognitive associative abilities,social disgust,and contempt.Fa
8、ll,2008 Psychology of Emotions 8 Category 3 the higher sentiments 高级的情感 Forebrain=间脑+端脑(边缘系统+基底前脑+大脑皮层)Social emotions:shame,guilt,contempt,envy,humor,empathy,sympathy,and certain forms of jealousy.Intermixtures of lower affects with higher cognitive processes;Intrinsic local circuitries in higher r
9、eaches of the brain;Fall,2008 Psychology of Emotions 10Seeking/expectation system Related concepts:desire,aspiration,pursuits,hope,interest,seeking,expectation,love,eager,forage,exploration,investigation,curiosity;To activate organism to become engages with the world and to extract meaning from our
10、various circumstance;探究系统/期望系统;Fall,2008 Psychology of Emotions 11The seeking/expectancy system Methods:Electrical self-stimulation of the brain.Ascending brain dopamine system Descending brain dopamine system c-fos:markers to identify activated brain systems;Key brain areas:nucleus accumbens-ventra
11、l tegmental area(VAT)腹侧被盖 区 mesolimbic 中脑边缘系统的 mesocortical 中间皮层的 outputs,Lateral hypothalamus-PAG.Frontal cortex and amygdalaFall,2008 Psychology of Emotions 13Seeking system is sensitized by Regulatory imbalances to yield general arousal and persistent forward locomotion;External stimuli that can
12、either have strong or weak interactions with this emotion system;Cues associated with incentives which help mediate appetitive learning so that animals will become eager and exhibit expectancies in response to cues that have been previously associated with arousal and dis-arousal of this system;Fall
13、,2008 Psychology of Emotions 15Misconception of Seeking system Feeding system;Reinforcement or reward system;Pleasure center;Fall,2008 Psychology of Emotions 16Seeking system and affective experience Subjective feeling appear when human subjects were stimulated in LH in human subjects;Results:subjec
14、ts reported that they feel interesting and exciting going on;When subjects were stimulated in septal area;Feeling sexual pleasure;Fall,2008 Psychology of Emotions 18Role of seeking system and learning and memory(Olds&Milners research)Issue:what is the role of SS?Task:anticipant learning,1s tone+food
15、.Record:neurons action potentials from neurons in SS system and other areas.Result:0-10 ts:10-20ts:learning beginning:LH,Pons,Midbrain,preoptic area,amygdala 20-30ts:poor executed behavior:thalamic hippocampal areas;30-40ts:purposive behavior:basal ganglia;40-50ts:skilled behavior:geniculate of thal
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