(3)--Agriculture Green Development插花艺术插花艺术.pdf
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1、Agriculture Green Development:a model for China and theworldAbstractRealizing sustainable development hasbecome a global priority.This holds,in particular,foragriculture.Recently,the United Nations launched theSustainable Development Goals(SDGs),and the Nine-teenth National Peoples Congress has deli
2、vered a nationalstrategy for sustainable development in Chinarealizinggreen development.The overall objective of AgricultureGreen Development(AGD)is to coordinate“green”with“development”to realize the transformation of currentagriculture with high resource consumption and highenvironmental costs int
3、o a green agriculture and country-side with high productivity,high resource use efficiencyand low environmental impact.This is a formidable task,requiring joint efforts of government,farmers,industry,educators and researchers.The innovative concept forAGD will focus on reconstructing the whole crop-
4、animalproduction and food production-consumption system,withthe emphasis on high thresholds for environmentalstandards and food quality as well as enhanced humanwell-being.This paper addresses the significance,chal-lenges,framework,pathways and potential solutions forrealizing AGD in China,and highl
5、ights the potentialchanges that will lead to a more sustainable agriculture inthe future.Proposals include interdisciplinary innovations,whole food chain improvement and regional solutions.Theimplementation of AGD in China will provide importantimplications for the countries in developmental transit
6、ion,and contribute to global sustainable development.KeywordsAgriculture Green Development,food secur-ity,interdisciplinary innovations,resource use efficiency,sustainable development,sustainable intensification,wholeindustry chain1Challenges for future food production1.1New demands for Agriculture
7、Green Development(AGD)Over the last few decades,the Green Revolution initiatedby Norman Borlaug,has saved the lives of millions ofpeople in developing countries and involved the combineduse of high-yielding crop varieties,mineral fertilizers,water and agro-chemicals.However,the Green Revolutioncanno
8、t be considered to be truly“green”,due to significantand sometimes inappropriate use of agro-chemicals,especially chemical fertilizers.Highly productive newcrop varieties generally need lots of fertilizer and water.Facing the great challenge of high resource use andenvironment cost of the current op
9、eration of the foodsystem,leaders of many countries have agreed on a visionto realize sustainable development,particularly for agri-culture as an important part of this global movement.China,a big agricultural country endowed with richagricultural resources,has a long history of farming andtradition
10、 of intensive cultivation as well as a ruralpopulation of 800 million1.The Chinese governmenthas placed high priority on the development of agricultureand especially on increased food security.Since 1978,China has implemented a policy of reform and opening-upgradually,bringing along a quickened pace
11、 in agriculturalreform and development2.Particularly in recent years,thegovernment has given first priority to research work onagriculture in rural areas and with smallholder farmers3.The new central collective leadership of China has clearlyproposed a national concept of green development,aimingto
12、seek fundamental solutions to the problems associatedwith agriculture,rural areas and rural people,the so called“Three Rural Issues”.One of the most important issues isReceived November 7,2019;accepted December 2,2019Correspondence: The Author(s)2019.Published by Higher Education Press.This is an op
13、en access article under the CC BY license(http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)to promote the transformation of Chinas agriculturaldevelopment from a high-input and high-environmentalfootprint model to a model based upon sustainableintensification4,5.Due to the implementation of a green revolut
14、ion forChina and powerful food policy initiatives from govern-ment,in the past decades,China has succeeded inproducing 25%of worlds grain and feeding 20%ofworlds population while using less than 10%of worldarable land,which is a great achievement in pursuit ofincreased food and nutrition security no
15、t only in China butalso in other regions1.Moreover,the state-initiatedpoverty alleviation campaign has achieved great success.Currently,China is the largest producer of cereals,cotton,fruit,vegetables,meat,poultry,eggs and fishery productsin the world6.Despite this progress,sustainable agricultural
16、develop-ment in China has encountered many obstacles andconstraints,including agricultural water shortage,culti-vated land loss and soil degradation,low resource useefficiency in the food system(nutrients,water andother inputs)and environmental contamination79.Forinstance,Chinas grain production has
17、 doubled since 1978,however,along with this has come very substantialincreases in use of input resources for agriculture,i.e.,athreefold increase in the use of nitrogen(N)fertilizers,an11-fold increase in use of phosphorus(P)fertilizers,and50%increase in the use of irrigation water in croplands10.Th
18、ese statistics demonstrate that there is enormous wasteof resources embedded in the food production processes.For example,from 1980 to 2010,partial N fertilizerproduction decreased from 34 to 18.5 kg$kg1,and theannual N-use surplus increased from 69 to 203 kg$ha111.The increased N-use surplus has co
19、ntributed to increasedNH3and N2O emissions to the air,decreasing air quality,and pollution of both surface water and ground water,increasing the risk of eutrophication and nitrate excess indrinking water.All these problems threaten the sustain-ability of grain production and human health and well-be
20、ing for the future6,12.Therefore,it is urgent for China totransform its current agricultural practices from a highresource consumption and high productivity-orientedmodel to a model based on increased sustainability.Transformation of food systems must be taken intoaccount as production and supply pr
21、actices are redesignedto meet newdemands.Focus mustbe shifted from“feedingpeople”to“enabling people to nourish themselves”13.Such a strategy has key elements important for theenvironment,people,inputs,processes,infrastructure andinstitutions,and activities that are related to production,processing,d
22、istribution,preparation and consumption offood,and the outcomes of these activities12.Agriculturaltransformation represents a paradigm shift and a plan ofaction leading toward increased sustainable intensificationfor food production,with beneficial effects on farmincome,landscape,ecosystem services,
23、resource andenvironmental costs,prosperity,justice and partner-ships14.Therefore,promoting AGD can involve re-engineering a complex and interdisciplinary system thatintegrates different fields,such as soil,plant and weedsciences,genetics,ecology,entomology,pathology,animalproduction,food science,hum
24、an nutrition,environmentalscience,engineering sciences,social science and policy forsustainable development.To achieve the target of“produ-cing enough nutritious food with fewer input resources”inthe future,it is necessary for China and other economicentities to integrate a wide range of science and
25、 technologyinnovations as well as socio-economic aspects in the wholefood system.Achieving sustainable intensification and movingtoward green development for millions of small householdfarmers is a great challenge,but it is crucial for China,andcould be a key obstacle to putting broad scale greendev
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