段落的构建.ppt
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1、The paragraphThe development of the paragraph11)Development by Time2Types of developing by time顺叙 depiction插叙 narration interposed倒叙 flashback3Transition wordAgo,formerly,just nowPresently,so farSoon,thereafter,henceSince,before,later,as soon as,after a whileMeanwhile,in the mean time,during,at the
2、same time,while42)Development by SpaceDeveloping a paragraph by space is to describe according to spatial order,for example,from left to right,from top to bottom,or from what is nearby to what is in the distance.It is often used to describe a place5A description of place in ONE paragraph ought to:1.
3、Have only ONE focus2.Be written without much of personal feeling3.Be written with strong feelings6We also need a topic sentence:It indicates:What is going to be describedWhat the writers attitude isWhat dominant impression the paragraph is to make7steps1.Choose your standpoint2.Decide by what kind o
4、f spatial order you write the paragraph.3.Use descriptive details:e.g.It is a rectangular(长方形的)with a white ceiling and green walls.The dark green walls and dirty white ceiling make the room seem dark,and thus even smaller than it is.8Useful expressionsLocational adverbs:here,there,everywhere,inside
5、,outsideLocational prepositions:over,beyond,in,at,by,nearLocational phrases:to the east,in the eastern part ofLocational verbs:is situated/located/found/surrounded by,encloses,surrounds,covers,extends,runs,flows93)Development by Process Developing a paragraph by process is a step-by-step description
6、 of how something is done.It is often used when describing an event.It follows the natural order in which the event take place.10Develop by process analysisTwo types of process analysis:Exclusive description of the procedures in a processDescription with supplementary explanations11Steps for develop
7、ing a process paragraph1.Choose a process that you are able to explain clearlyFamiliar and developableInteresting and explainable2.Collect all the information neededDo not overlook detailsDevelop by process analysis12Whenever.begin to do/start doing.First.then.finallyThen comes.After/before this.Now
8、.Signal the end of.At the beginning of.afterwards.some other.In advanceWhen all this is done.Useful expressions134)Development by citing statisticsWhat is citing statistics?Citing statistics is a way of developing a paragraph in which we use statistics to lend credibility to our arguments.In what ki
9、nd of essay do we use statistics?It is commonly used in research papers or similar writings.145)Development by Comparison and ContrastComparison and contrast are usually applied to things belonging to the same general class.They are used between two apparently similar things to reveal their signific
10、ant differences,or between two seemingly unrelated things to discover their similarities.15There are two major ways of organizing paragraphs of comparison and contrast.One is“block comparison(contrast)”,i.e.to examine one thing thoroughly and then examine the other.This method is also called“divided
11、 pattern of comparison”(A+B).The other way is“alternating comparison(contrast)”,i.e.to examine two things at the same time,discussing them point by point.This method is also called“alternating pattern of comparison”(A/B+A/B+).16Useful expressions for comparisonA is similar to B.A is like B.Like A,B
12、isBoth A and B areNeither A nor B.A resembles B(in that).A and B havein common.There aresimilarities between A and B.A;similarly,BCorrespondingly,.Likewise,In the same way,176)Development by ExemplificationExemplification refers to the use of examples in support of the main idea of the paragraph.18T
13、he purposes of exemplificationExamples can be used:1.To support a general topic statement2.To explain a difficult point or unfamiliar concept19The signal words for exemplificationFor example/for instanceTakefor exampleSuch as/likeis a case in point.One example is,another example is.20How to write a
14、paragraph by exemplificationThe topic sentence the topic sentence usually tells the readers the subject under discussion.In addition,it should point out the main idea of the paragraph.21Some examplesIn order to prevent no-smokers from being affected,measures must be taken to reduce the chances of sm
15、oking.Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation.My little niece,a ten-month-old baby,is the most lovely child I have never seen.22 The supporting sentences The supporting sentences usually provide several examples which center on the main idea stated in the topic sentence.When thin
16、king of the examples,we should:Select good examplesArrange the examples in a good order23Select good examplesGood examples should be specificGood examples should be appropriateGood examples should be interesting and lively24Sample:Television Television presents a vivid world in front of us.For examp
17、le,TV can keep us informed of what is happening throughout the world.For another example,with a TV set at home,we can visit a great many tourist attractions in different countries.Besides,TV brings various forms of entertainments to our homes such as sports competitions,concerts.The pictures on TV l
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