南非国际事务研究所-加纳的核能(英文)-2021.5-49正式版.doc
《南非国际事务研究所-加纳的核能(英文)-2021.5-49正式版.doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《南非国际事务研究所-加纳的核能(英文)-2021.5-49正式版.doc(49页珍藏版)》请在得力文库 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、SpecialReportMarch 2021Nuclear Energy in GhanaHUBERT FOY & ISABEL BOSMANAfrican perspectivesGlobal insightsExecutive summaryGhanas emerging nuclear power programme is the culmination of nearly 60 years of socio-economic and political developments under successive governments since independence in 19
2、57. As far back as 1961, President Kwame Nkrumahs government instituted a major atomic policy initiative, the Kwabenya Nuclear Reactor Project. Although the nuclear programme never took off as intended, for both political and economic reasons, the government of Ghana recently decided to renew its co
3、mmitment to establish a nuclear power programme and use nuclear power to drive economic transformation and development.One of the main reasons for this decision is electricity supply in Ghana, which has been outstripped by electricity demand for decades. The resulting energy crises have been ruinous
4、 for the countrys economy. Ghana has experienced recurring electricity shortages over the course of roughly four decades: 19834; 19978; 2003; 20067; and, most recently, 20112017. In 2014 the economic impact of the power crisis was particularly severe, leading to a daily loss in production of $2.1 mi
5、llion, equating to $680 million or 2% of overall gross domestic product.Ghanas population is projected to grow to roughly 38 million by 2030. It is expected that residential and industrial demand for electricity will increase at the same time. Furthermore, the government plans to rapidly industriali
6、se the economy over the next four decades. Since current capacity cannot supply competitively priced electricity in a reliable and secure manner, nuclear power is being considered as a viable addition to the countrys energy mix.Ghana is approaching nuclear power in a responsible manner. It is follow
7、ing the International Atomic Energy Agencys (IAEA) Milestones Approach, which is a comprehensive guide for the establishment of nuclear power programmes that sets out three phases imperative to developing the infrastructure necessary to support a nuclear programme. In the past three years Ghana has
8、been visited twice by an IAEA Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review (INIR) team to review the ongoing development of the countrys nuclear infrastructure.The IAEA review team was generally satisfied with Ghanas progress, noting in particular the countrys Nuclear Regulatory Act No. 895 of 2015. It
9、highlighted the acts focus on nuclear safety, radiation protection, nuclear security and non-proliferation/safeguards, as well as its identification and stipulation of the responsibilities of the main stakeholders in the development of a nuclear power programme.In addition, Ghana has demonstrated re
10、sponsible nuclear behaviour by becoming a member of numerous international agreements, instruments and initiatives with the potential to enhance human resource development, transfer of nuclear science and technology know-how. Notably, Ghana has not expressed reservations about joining any2Special Re
11、port | NUCLEAR ENERGY IN GHANAof these. To comply with its obligations and benefit from privileges provided under its international commitments, Ghana has enacted several laws, formulated policies, and worked to institutionalise them.While significant steps have been taken to establish a nuclear pro
12、gramme in Ghana, much work lies ahead. The development and operation of a nuclear power plant is a mammoth task and requires long-term commitment and planning, as well as large-scale financial and human capital investment. With regard to financing, Ghana has already approached Russia, China and the
13、Republic of Korea for assistance, as it would cost $8$10 billion to build the plant. The government is also securing public buy-in for the project through a series of awareness-raising, public outreach and education activities. It hopes to build the plant by 2030.3Special Report | NUCLEAR ENERGY IN
14、GHANAAbbreviations & acronymsAct 204Atomic Energy Commission ActAct 588New Ghana Atomic Energy Commission ActAct 895Nuclear Regulatory Authority ActCPFCountry Programme FrameworkCSOcivil society organisationCTcomputed tomographyEBRTexternal beam radiation therapyGAECGhana Atomic Energy CommissionGDP
15、gross domestic productGEDAPGhana Energy Development and Access ProjectGHARR-1Ghana Research Reactor-1GIFGamma Irradiation FacilityGIIFGhana Infrastructure Investment FundGNPPGhanas nuclear power programmeGNPPOGhana Nuclear Power Programme OrganisationHDRhigh dose rateHEUhighly enriched uraniumIAEAIn
16、ternational Atomic Energy AgencyINIRIntegrated Nuclear Infrastructure ReviewIPPindependent power producerLDRlow dose rateLEUlow enriched uraniumlinacmedical linear acceleratorMNSRMiniature Neutron Source ReactorMRImagnetic resonance imagingNEPIONuclear Energy Programme Implementation OrganisationNES
17、National Electrification SchemeNNPnuclear non-proliferationNNRINational Nuclear Research InstituteNRANuclear Regulatory AuthorityNSSnuclear safety and security4Special Report | NUCLEAR ENERGY IN GHANASDGsSustainable Development GoalsSHEPSelf-Help Electrification SchemeSNASSchool of Nuclear and Allie
18、d SciencesVALCOVolta Aluminium Company5Special Report | NUCLEAR ENERGY IN GHANAAuthorsHubert Foyis the Founding Director of the African Centre for Science and International Security based in Accra, Ghana. His areas of interest include nuclear security, non-proliferation and arms control, disarmament
19、 verification and global missile systems proliferation.Isabel Bosmanis a Konrad Adenauer Stiftung research scholar at SAIIA working with the African Governance and Diplomacy Programme.AcknowledgmentSAIIA is grateful to the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for supporting the Atoms for Africas De
20、velopment project.About SAIIASAIIA is an independent, non-government think tank whose key strategic objectives are to make effective input into public policy, and to encourage wider and more informed debate on international affairs, with particular emphasis on African issues and concerns.SAIIAS spec
21、ial reports are fairly lengthy analytical papers, usually reflecting on and analysing the findings of field research.Cover imageNuclear reprocessing plant (Steve Allen/Getty Images)All rights reserved. Copyright is vested in the South African Institute of International Affairs and the authors, and n
22、o part may be reproduced in whole or in part without the express permission, in writing, of the publisher.6Special Report | NUCLEAR ENERGY IN GHANAContentsExecutive summary2Abbreviations & acronyms4Authors6CHAPER 19Introduction9CHAPTER 211Electricity situation11Electricity access12Demand vs supply14
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 南非 国际事务 研究所 加纳 核能 英文 2021.5 49 正式版
限制150内