20230622 UNCTAD 区块链对全球贸易便利化绩效的影响 英文 en Global Report on Blockchain and its Implications on Trade Facilitation Performance.pdf
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1、U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N TGLOBAL REPORT ON BLOCKCHAINAND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON TRADE FACILITATION PERFORMANCEGeneva,2023 2023,United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentThe designations employed and the presentation of material on any
2、map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Mention of any firm or licensed process does
3、not imply the endorsement of the United Nations.This publication has been edited externally.United Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNCTAD/TCS/DTL/INF/2023/1iiiContentsContentsAcknowledgements.vAbbreviations and acronyms.viNotes on the text.vi1.Intr
4、oduction.22.What are blockchains?.63.Potential blockchain use cases in international trade.12A.Cross-border clearance.14B.Stakeholder coordination.16C.Payment processing and trade finance.18D.Trade-risk management.21E.Trade reporting,trade data and trade policy planning.22F.Supply chain transparency
5、 and value chain traceability.22G.Other use cases of blockchain in trade facilitation.251.Cargo integrity.252.Corridor management.263.Authorized Economic Operators.284.Rules of Origin.294.Deploying blockchains for international trade.32A.Creating an enabling environment for blockchain adoption.331.I
6、mplementation approach.342.Policy guidance for stakeholders.363.Integration with existing infrastructure.364.Legal and regulatory framework.36B.Barriers and drivers of blockchain adoption.385.Way forward and policy considerations.42A.For policymakers.43B.For international organizations.43Annex:types
7、 and features of blockchains.46A.Accessibility.46B.Consensus algorithm.49C.Privacy and data protection.51D.Areas witnessing major evolution in blockchain technology.521.Interchain communication.522.Consensus design.543.Programmability.544.Interchain accounts and cross-chain composability.555.Chain m
8、odularity.55E.Ongoing developments on technical standards for blockchain technology.57References.58Endnotes .63Global Report on Blockchain and Its Implications on Trade Facilitation PerformanceivList of tablesList of figuresTable 1.Evolution of blockchain over the years.8Table 2.Key features of bloc
9、kchains and their functionalities for international trade.9Table 3.Building blockchain portals in trade facilitation for key stakeholders.18Table 4.Use areas of blockchain payments and trade finance.20Table 5.Guiding principles for establishing legal and regulatory environment for blockchains.37Tabl
10、e 6.Pros and cons of permissioned and permissionless blockchains.48Table 7.Common use cases of permissionless vis-vis permissioned blockchains.49Table 8.Considerations and trade-offs of proof of work versus proof of stake consensus engines.50Table 9.Pros and cons of proof of work versus proof of sta
11、ke blockchains.51Table 10.A summary of the five key areas of evolution in blockchains and their implications.56Figure 1.The generations of blockchains.6Figure 2.Decision tree for the use of blockchain technology.13Figure 3.The adoption curve of blockchain.35vAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsGlobal Re
12、port on Blockchain and its Implications on Trade Facilitation Performance was prepared under the guidance of Shamika N.Sirimanne,Director of the UNCTAD Division on Technology and Logistics and the supervision of Angel Gonzlez-Sanz.The team comprised Solomon Anzagra,Clovis Freire and Wai Kit Si Tou.R
13、esearch support was provided by UNCTAD intern Henrique Pinto Coelho.Comments and suggestions received from the steering committee of the Blockchains for Facilitating Trade and Enhancing Competitiveness project under the fourteenth tranche of the Development Account are gratefully acknowledged.Member
14、s of the steering committee include Nadia Hasham(ECA);Luca Brunello,Maria Teresa Pisani,Alla Shlykova,Jie Wei(ECE);Miryam Saade Hazin,Sebastian Herreros,Johan Mulder(ECLAC);Yann Duval,Soo Hyun Kim(ESCAP);Adel Alghaberi,Maya Dah,Nibal Idlebi(ESCWA);Arantzazu Sanchez Belastegui,Clovis Freire and Wai K
15、it Si Tou(UNCTAD).Comments received as part of the UNCTAD peer review process are acknowledged with appreciation,from Regina Asariotis,Raouf Benzarti,Laure Buisson,Poul Hansen,Jan Hoffmann and Erik Willems.The team would like to express its particular thanks to Virginia Cram-Martos for her valuable
16、advice.The manuscript was substantively edited by Sue Littleford.Magali Studer designed the cover.Malou Pasinos provided administrative support.Overall layout,graphics and desktop publishing were undertaken by the Division of Conference Management of the United Nations Office at Geneva.Global Report
17、 on Blockchain and Its Implications on Trade Facilitation PerformanceviAbbreviations and acronymsAEO Authorized Economic OperatorAI artificial intelligenceCBDC central bank digital currenciesCoO certificate of originDLT distributed ledger technologyEBSI European Blockchain Services InfrastructureIBC
18、 Inter-Blockchain Communication(protocol)ICA interchain accountsIoT Internet of ThingsIOU I owe you,the acknowledgement of a debtPoS proof of stakePoW proof of workQR code quick response codeTCP/IP transmission control protocol/Internet protocolUNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Tra
19、de LawUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNECE United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeUN/CEFACT United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic BusinessNotes on the textThe term“dollar”($)refers to United States dollars.The term“billion”signifies 1,000 million
20、.1 IntroductionGlobal Report on Blockchain and Its Implications on Trade Facilitation Performance21.IntroductionGlobal supply chains have come under tremendous stress in recent times,causing price hikes and shortages in daily necessities around the world.Trade facilitation has become a crucial compo
21、nent of the global agenda to ensure that essential goods and services reach the targeted destination in time and at costs affordable for the consumer.Thus,the idea of efficiency gains in global value chains that can be driven by digitalization and automation using emerging technologies such as block
22、chain is particularly welcomed.Considering that supply chains have become far more fast-paced with trade volumes surging thanks to e-commerce,the global economy is increasingly interconnected with ever-broadening global value chains.Thus,governments are facing new policy and regulatory challenges,no
23、t only in ensuring compliance but also in managing issues arising from digital disruption.In this regard,digital tools such as blockchain have presented opportunities but also challenges.While they could aid governments in handling emerging and pressing regulatory challenges,they also raise question
24、s on how to safeguard advances in digital technology in a way that ensures shared prosperity,inclusivity and broad beneficiation of digital trade among all people in the world(see also OECD,2022).The need for faster cross-border clearance,lower trade costs and more efficient global value chains alon
25、gside trade resilience and compliance has never been so critical.Policymakers are in search of efficiency gains when balancing regulations against bolstered supply chains and stable value chains to facilitate global commerce.Thus,digitalization and frontier technologies have been at the forefront of
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