原版英语RAZ 教案Ships of Discovery.pdf
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1、Ships of DiscoveryA Reading AZ Level Y Leveled BookWord Count:2,344Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.www.readinga-LEVELED READER ALEVELED BOOK YTWYShips of DiscoveryWritten by William Houseman Illustrated by Cende HillShips of DiscoveryLevel Y Leveled Book Learning AZWritten b
2、y William HousemanIllustrated by Cende HillAll rights reserved.www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL YT4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAwww.readinga-Ships of DiscoveryWritten by William HousemanIllustrated by Cende HillShips of Discovery Level Y 34IntroductionPeople often settle along rivers,lakes,and
3、seas where they can find fresh water,nutrient-rich soil,and bountiful fishing.Long ago,people who lived near large bodies of water were curious about what might exist beyond the horizon.They also speculated that traveling over water might be easier than traveling over land.They noticed that particul
4、ar materials,such as wood,reeds,or skins full of air,were buoyant.These thoughts led to the construction of the first simple boat.As boats and ships became more practical,people were able to travel farther from home.Advancing technology created new types of boats that were often safer,faster,more co
5、mfortable,and able to carry more cargo.Boats became important tools for commerce,exploration,and defense.Lets examine how boats were used to explore the world and how they have changed over time.Table of ContentsIntroduction.4Early Years.5The Polynesians.9The Vikings.11Age of Discovery.13The Chinese
6、.15Later Years.17Conclusion.19Glossary.20Ships of Discovery Level Y 56Early YearsThe oldest record of sea travel comes from Egypt.People might have been sailing the seas before them,but the Egyptians were the first to leave us records of their journeys.More than 6,000 years ago,the Egyptians took to
7、 the water and carved images of themselves doing so in stone.Since the mighty Nile River dictated much of ancient Egyptian life,its not surprising that Egyptians mastered the art of traveling by water.Originally,they built simple boats by carving out the trunks of trees.But the Egyptians were not th
8、e only people to make boats from trees.Far away in America,indigenous people were also building dugout canoes by hollowing out tree trunks.These were sturdy boats,but they couldnt carry much.Egyptian boatOver time,people wanted to transport larger cargoes over waterways.It became necessary to constr
9、uct boats that could carry many people for long voyages,as well as food,animals,and other items to trade.Canoes carved from a single oak tree and steered with a pole were adequate boats for crossing a lake or going down a river.However,they didnt work well for carrying bulky objects.Imagine trying t
10、o row a narrow canoe across a wide lake with six sheep crammed around you.The space just wasnt sufficient.Humans have always strived to perfect and upgrade their inventions.So it was natural that ancient people searched for methods to build bigger,faster,and safer boats.People realized that they nee
11、ded better boats if they were going to explore places far from their homeland.Dugout canoeShips of Discovery Level Y 78Soon,the Greeks,Phoenicians,and other peoples around the Mediterranean Sea were building large boats powered by sails.About 3,000 years ago,sailing ships were built with two masts,e
12、ach one holding a sail.The addition of a second mast made a ship much easier to steer and also made it much faster.Five hundred years later,the Greeks developed a ship with four sails.This ship was safe enough to leave the Mediterranean Sea and travel down the west African coast.Some of the fastest
13、ships at the time were built for battle.These warships often had as many as three levels of rowers on each side of the ship.Arranging the rowers above each other on separate tiers provided a great deal of power in a small amount of space.Greek ships with three tiers of rowers were called triremes.Th
14、ese larger ships allowed people to travel to and explore distant places.During this period,exploration and trade moved beyond the Mediterranean Sea.Although ocean travel still had its dangers,it had become safe enough that some brave explorers and traders dared to risk it.The next evolution in boat
15、building was the use of wooden beams to make a frame.The frame was covered with wooden planks or bark from trees.Some cultures even used animal skins stretched over the frame to create a hull(the outer shell of a boat).These boats were bigger than previous designs,but were also more streamlined and
16、able to hold more cargo.People also developed paddles and oars to move in deep water,where poles could not reach the bottom.The Egyptians were the first people to cover wooden frames with long,flat pieces of wood to create hulls.Some of their boats measured as much as 21.3 meters(70 ft)long.The Egyp
17、tians were also the first to use sails to harness the power of the wind.The use of sails eliminated or reduced the need for people to row the boats.Some boats used both rowers and sails.Birchbark canoeShips of Discovery Level Y 910The Polynesians In the South Pacific,groups of Pacific Island peoples
18、 were building boats that could sail in the open ocean.Over 3,500 years ago,these people were traveling east,well beyond the archipelago of islands where they lived.They also explored areas off the Asian mainland.More than a thousand years ago,these people made journeys of thousands of miles in open
19、 boats.These Polynesian sailors built a type of boat that was an early version of the modern catamaran.They took two canoes and connected them using large wooden poles.A deck was then built to span the poles.These boats usually measured about 15 to 18 meters(5060 ft)long.The central deck held masts
20、for sails and had enough space for several people and their supplies for the duration of a lengthy voyage.Polynesian catamaranThese early boats provided safe travel from one island to another.The Polynesians settled many new islands they discovered.By ad 1000,they lived on nearly every habitable isl
21、and they could find in the Pacific Ocean.Their new homes included Hawaii,New Zealand,and Easter Island.The Polynesians were accomplished sailors.They became so familiar with the ocean that they could determine their location by the size and shape of the waves.They also knew how to navigate using the
22、 stars.They could easily travel great distances by going from island to island.The Polynesians grew to accept sea travel as a way of life.Routes of Polynesian expansionEasterIslandPACIFIC OCEANNew ZealandAustraliaAsiaHawaiian IslandsShips of Discovery Level Y 1112At that time,most sailors did not li
23、ke to lose sight of the coast,but the Vikings were fearless in their explorations.They used a wooden dial called a sun compass to help them navigate.Viking explorers were willing to travel into the unknown to claim new lands and seek adventure.They were also the first Europeans to visit North Americ
24、a.The Vikings also built warships known as longships.It often was difficult to tell if a longship was coming or going because they looked the same in the front and in the back.Because of the design of their longships,Viking attackers could easily change direction.Longships were able to travel as fas
25、t as 15 knots.(A knot is a way to measure speed on water.One knot is a little faster than one mile per hour.)Some of the larger longships carried as many as 200 warriors.The combination of large,speedy,easy-to-handle ships and a fierce fighting spirit made the Vikings tough to defeat.The Vikings rul
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