中外文化交流1000字.pdf

中外文化交流 1000 字 篇一：中外文化交流论文 CultureofAncientEgypt【Abstract】AncientEgyptisoneofthemostfascinatingoftheancientcivilizations.ThispapermainlycentersonthecultureofancientEgypt,anditintroducesancientEgyptianpharaohs,ancientEgyptiangods,ancientEgyptianpyramids,ancientEgyptianhieroglyphics,historyofancientEgyptandsoon.ItmakesusknowancientEgyptfromamultipleanglesandmaybeanewdiscoveryonyourpathtobroadeningyourknowledge.【KeyWords】ancientEgypt;pharaohs;history;hieroglyphics TheHistoryofAncientEgypt AncientEgyptenjoyedalongandvariedhistory.AncientEgyptwasamongtheearliestcivilizations.AndTheCultureofEgypthasfivethousandyearsofrecordedhistory.ScholarsdividethehistoryofEgyptintoperiodsanddynasties.PredynasticPeriod(c.5300-3000B.C.)NeolithicThefirstpartofthePredynasticperiodistheNeolithicperiod.AgriculturebecamethemainfoodsourceintheNileValleyandmunitiesworkedtogethertoraisefood.Egyptologistsdiscoveredpitsusedtostoregrain.TheyalsofoundBeadsandcosmeticpalettesinNeolithictombs.BadarianCultureThisculturemarkssomeoftheearliestexamplesofagricultureinUpperEgyptandmostofitsrelicsefromcemeteries.Thesecemeteriesshowsignsofsocialdivisionsbecausewealthygraveswereinonearea.Allthebodieswereinthesamepositionandfacedinthesamedirection.SomeexamplesofBadarianpotteryhavethinwallsthatlaterculturesdidnotemulate.Thejewelryfoundtodateisusuallymadeofboneorivory.EarlyDynasticPeriod(c.3000-2686B.C.)1stDynastyand2ndDynastyThepharaohscreatedstategoods,shownbylabels,usedaspartofataxationsystem.Officialsappointedbythekingoversawirrigationandbeganstandardizinghieroglyphicwriting.Theyalsohelpedsupportthefuneralprogramsandreligioussites.Priestsusedcertainfuneralritesforthepharaohonlyduringthisperiod.TheEarlyDynasticPeriodwasatimewhenEgypts governmentformedandbuiltthesocietysfoundations.ThepharaohsestablishedtradewiththeSinai,Palestine,Lebanon,NubiaandtheEasternDesert.WritinghelpedtheEgyptianstateorganizeandthepharaohwasEgyptsultimateauthority.OldKingdom(c.2686-2125B.C)3rdDynasty,4thDynasty,5thDynasty,6thDynasty,7thand8thDynasties.FirstIntermediatePeriod(c.2160-2055B.C.)9thDynasty,10thDynasty,11thDynasty.MiddleKingdom(2055-1650B.C.)11thDynastyThe11thDynastycontinuedintotheMiddleKingdomafterMentuhotepIIre-unitedEgypt.Heruledfor51yearsanddeifiedhimselftoshowhisrighttoruleEgypt.MentuhotepIIappointedgovernorstooverseetheadministrationsofUpperandLowerEgypt.Thepharaohswhofollowedhimreinstitutedthecultofkingshipandbuilttemplesandchapels.12thDynasty,13thDynasty.SecondIntermediatePeriod(1650-1550)14thDynasty,15thDynasty,16thDynasty,17thDynasty.NewKingdom(1550-1069B.C.)18thDynasty,19thDynasty,20thDynasty.ThirdIntermediatePeriod(1069-664B.C.)21stDynasty,22ndDynasty,23rdDynasty,24thDynasty,25thDynasty.LatePeriod(664-332B.C.)26thDynasty,27thDynasty,28thDynasty,29thDynasty,30thDynasty,SecondPersianPeriod.PtolemaicPeriod(332-30B.C.)Arab-MuslimPeriod(beganin642A.D.)In642A.D.,ArabiclanguageandculturereplacedEgyptianlanguageandculture.EgyptwasoneoftheIslamicworldsculturalandintellectualcenters.AsuccessionofcaliphatesruledEgyptuntilNapoleonconqueredEgypt.Atthistime,scholarsrekindledinterestinthelanguageandcultureofEgypt.Today,theArabnationofEgyptisatouristdestinationforthoseinterestedinEgyptshistory.AncientEgyptianpharaohs:Definition:thewordpharaohreferstothetitleoftheancientEgyptiankings.Thetitle“pharaohmeansthe“greathouseandreferstotheroyalpalace.AncientEgyptianpharaohswereconsideredtobebothdivinedeitiesaswellasmortalrulers.Throughoutthe30+dynastiesinancientEgyptianhistory,itisspeculatedthatsome170ormorerulersreignedoverthegreatlandofEgyptduringathreethousandyeartimespan.PharaohswerethegodkingsofancientEgyptwhoruledbetween3150B.C.and30B.C.(whenRomeconqueredEgypt).Eachtimeanewfamilytookcontrolofthethrone,anewkingdombeganinthehistoryofthisfascinatingnation.Whilerulersoftenintermarriedwithdaughters,granddaughters,sistersandbrotherstokeepthethronewithinthefamilythethronestillmanagedtoshifthandsmultipletimes;creatingadynamicandplexpharonichistory.AncientEgyptiangods:ExceptforabriefperiodoftimewhenAkhenatentriedtoinstillamonotheisticdedicationtoonegod,Egyptwasruledbynumerousgodsandgoddess.TheancientEgyptianreligionwaspolytheistic,meaningtheancientEgyptiansworshipedmanygods(thereareabout2000knowngodsandgoddesses).ThegodsplayedimportantrolesinthedailylivesoftheancientEgyptians.Thereweretwolevelsofgods:localgodsandnationalgods.Peoplelookedtothegodsforhelpwitheverythingfrombearingchildrentoasafejourneyintheafterlife.Thereweredailyritualsforcaringforthegodsandfestivalscelebratingspecificgods.SomeoftheMostImportantEgyptianGodsandGoddesses:AmunwasacreatorgodwhobecameanationalgodafterthepharaohsmovedtheircapitaltothecityofThebes.HewaslaterbinedwithRa,whowasasun-god,acreatorgodandthekingofthegods.ThepeoplesawAmun-Raasthecreativepowerbehindtheexistenceofalllife.Hewasprimarilyconsideredtobethegodofthepharaohsandrepresentedwind,fertilityandsecrets.RaistheancientEgyptiansungod.Heisthefatherofthegodsandisusuallydepictedwiththebodyofahumanandtheheadofafalcon.Hathorwasacowgoddessandacosmicgoddess.Shenourishedalllifewithhermilkandhernamemeant“HouseofHorus.Somelegends,nameHathorastheconsortofHorusandsheformedaTriadwithhimandtheirsonIhi.Horuswasasungodandthekingofthegods.“ThelivingHoruswasoneofthepharaohstitlesandemphasizedhisrighttoruleEgyptlikeHorusruledthegods.HisemblemwasthefalconandhewasoneofthefiveOsiriangodsalongwithOsiris,Isis,SetandNephthys.OneofthemostwellknownsymbolsassociatedwithEgyptistheEyeofHorus,whichsymbolizedpower.Isiswasafertilitygoddessandamothergoddess.Thegoddesswith10,000nameswasoneofhertitlesemphasizinghermanyrolesandnames.Shewasthesister-wifeofOsirisandthemotherofHorus.OneofthemostfamouslegendsinvolvesIsisputtingthebodyofherhusbandbacktogetherafterhewaskilledbySet,impregnatingherselfwithhisbodyandgivingbirthtotheirsonHorus.Maatwastherepresentationofmoralandphysicallaw.SomescholarsconsiderherthemostimportantgoddessofAncientEgypt.MaatsworshipspreadthroughoutEgyptbecauseshehelpedjudgethedead.Osiriswasthegodofthedeadandresurrection.HewastheruleroftheTuatandpeoplewouldappealtohimtocarefortheirdepartedancestors.Osiriswasthekingofthegodsuntilhisbrotherkilledhim.Seth(akaSet,Setesh,SutekhorSetekh)wasthegodofevilanddarkness.HewastheadversaryofHorusandeverythingthatwasgood.Exceptfortheredcrown,peopleregardedthecolorredasanevilcolorbecauseofitsconnectiontoSet.Hewasassociatedwithwarandstrength,stormsanddeserts.Anubisisthegodofdeathanddying.Heisalsoconsideredtobethegodoftheunderworld.Hisimageisoftenseenastheguardianoftombsandthebodiesheldwithin.Sobekthecrocodilegodisusuallyseenaseitherapletecrocodileorasabinationbetweenhumanformandcrocodile,symbolizingthestrengthoftheEgyptianpharaohs.TheImportanceoftheGodsinAncientEgyptsDailyLife:篇二：中西方文化交流史论文 最伟大的桥梁：丝绸之路 浅谈丝路对文化交流的宏大奉献