英语考研真题.pdf

English2009年 考 研 英 语 真 题 和 答 案 Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smarthumans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmers piece inthe Science Times on Tuesday.Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter thanthe average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives.This suggests that 3 bulbs burnlonger,that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence,it 5 out,is a high-priced option.It takes more upkeep,burns morefuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual7 instead of instinct.Plenty of other species are able to learn,and one of thethings theyve apparently learned is when to 8.Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence?Thafs the question behind thisnew research.I like it.Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the speciesweve left in the dust LQ.-wise,it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our ownintelligence might be.This is 12 the mind of every animal Fve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experimentsanimals would 13 on humans if they had the chance.Every cat with an owner,14,is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning,we believe that 15animals ran the labs,they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience,ourfaithfulness,our memory for terrain.They would try to decide whatintelligence in humans is really 17,not merely how much of it there is.18,they would hope to study a 19 question:Are humans actually aware of theworld they live in?20 the results are inconclusive.1.A Suppose B Consider C Observe D Imagine2.A tended B feared C happened D threatened3.A thinner B stabler C lighter D dimmer4.A tendency B advantage C inclination D priority5.A insists on B sums up C turns out D puts forward6.A off B behind C over D along7.A incredible B spontaneous Cinevitable D gradual8.A fight B doubt C stop D think9.A invisible B limited C indefinite D different10.A upward B forward C afterward D backward11.A features B influences C results D costs12.A outside B on C by D across13.A deliver B carry C perform D apply14.A by chance B in contrast C as usual D for instance15.A if B unless C as D lest16.A moderate B overcome C determine D reach17.A at B for C after D with18.A Above all B After all C However D Otherwise19.A fundamental B comprehensive C equivalent D hostile20.A By accident B In time C So far D Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)TextlHabits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains onauto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.uNotchoice,but habit rules the unreflecting herd,“William Wordsworth said in the19th century.In the ever-changing 21st century,even the word“habit“carriesa negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativityand innovation.But brain researchers have discovered that when weconsciously develop new habits,we create parallel synaptic paths,and evenentirely new brain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.But dont bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure areworn into the hippocampus,theyre there to stay.Instead,the new habits wedeliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypassthose old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,“saysDawna Markova,author of“The Open Mind”and an executive changeconsultant for Professional Thinking Partners.4But we are taught instead todecide,just as our president calls himself the Decider/She adds,however,that“to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovationalthinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware,she says.Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacityto approach challenges in four primary ways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively.At puberty,however,thebrain shuts down half of that capacity,preserving only those modes of thoughtthat have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis andprocedure,meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative andcollaborative modes of thought.4This breaks the major rule in the Americanbelief system that anyone can do anything/5 explains M.J.Ryan,author ofthe 2006 book uThis Year I and Ms.Markovas business partner.Thats a lie that we have perpetuated,and it fosters commonness.Knowingwhat youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.This iswhere developing new habits comes in.21.The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA.casual B.familiar C.mechanical D.changeable.22.The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA.predicted B.regulated C.traced D.guided23.“ruts,(in line one,paragraph 3)has closest meaning toA.tracks B.series C.characteristics D.connections24.Ms.Markovas comments suggest that the practice of standard testing?A,prevents new habits form being formedB,no longer emphasizes commonnessC,maintains the inherent American thinking modelD,complies with the American belief system25.Ryan most probably agree thatA.ideas are born of a relaxing mindB.innovativeness could be taughtC.decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD.curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child,but today a man can boost hispaternal(fatherly)wisdom-or at least confirm that hes the kids dad.All heneeds to do is shell our$30 for paternity testing kit(PTK)at his localdrugstore-and another$120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first becomeavailable without prescriptions last years,according to Doug Fog,chiefoperating officer of Identigene,which makes the over-the-counter kits.Morethan two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public,ranging inprice from a few hundred dollars to more than$2500.Among the most popular:paternity and kinship testing,which adoptedchildren can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a manypassionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for afamilys geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sendingit to the company for testing.All tests require a potential candidate with whomto compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical,There is a kind of false precision beinghawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,“says Trey Duster,a New York University sociologist.He notes that each individual has manyancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.Yet mostancestry testing only considers a single lineage,either the Y chromosomeinherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA,which apassed down only from mothers.This DNA can reveal genetic informationabout only one or two ancestors,even though,for example,just threegenerations back people also have six other great-grandparents or,fourgenerations back,14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as thereference collections to which a sample is compared.Databases used by somecompanies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lump togetherinformation from different research projects.This means that a DNA databasemay differ depending on the company that processes the results.In addition,the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may bepatented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.1n paragraphs 1 and 2,the text shows P T K s.Aeasy availabilityBflexibility in pricingC successful promotionD popularity with households27.PTK is used t o.Allocate ones birth placeBpromote genetic researchC identify parent-child kinshipD choose children for adoption28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails t o.Atrace distant ancestorsB rebuild reliable bloodlinesC fully use genetic informationD achieve the claimed accuracy29.In the last paragraph,a problem commercial genetic testing faces isAdisorganized data collectionB overlapping database building30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to b e.AFors and Againsts of DNA testingB DNA testing and Ifs problemsCDNA testing outside the labD lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poorcountries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progressin both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social,political and intellectualdevelopment of these and all other societies;however,the conventional viewthat education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapideconomic development in poor countries is wrong.We are fortunate that is it,because new educational systems there and putting enough people throughthem to improve economic performance would require two or threegenerations.The findings of a research institution have consistently shownthat workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radicalhigher productivity and,as a result,radically higher standards of living.Ironically,the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States.Notlong ago,with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubblepeak.The U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primarycause of the poor U.S.economic performance.Japan was,and remains,theglobal leader in automotive-assembly productivity.Yet the research revealedthat the U.S.factories of Honda Nissan,and Toyota achieved about 95 percentof the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the trainingthat U.S.workers received on the job.More recently,while examing housing construction,the researchersdiscovered that illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston,Texas,consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite thecomplexity of the building industrys work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development?We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes thedevelopment of education even when governments don,t force it.After all,thafs how education got started.When our ancestors were hunters andgatherers 10,000 years ago,they didnt have time to wonder much aboutanything besides flnding food.Only when humanity began to get its food in amore productive way was there time for other things.As education improved,humanitys productivity potential,they could in turnafford more education.This increasingly high level of education is probably anecessary,but not a sufficient,condition for the complex political systemsrequired by advanced economic performance.Thus poor countries might notbe able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may bepossible only with broader formal education.A lack of formal education,however,doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce tosubstantially improve productivity for the forested future.On the contrary,constraints on improving productivity explain why education isnt developingmore quickly there than it is.31.The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poorc o u n t r i e s.A is subject groundless doubtsB has fallen victim of biasC is conventional downgradedD has been overestimated32.It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education systemAchallenges economists and politiciansBtakes efforts of generationsC demands priority from the governmentD requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is thatA the Japanese workforce is better disciplinedB the Japanese workforce is more productiveCthe U.S workforce has a better educationD the U.S workforce is more organize34.The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that educatione m e r g e d.A when people had enough timeB prior to better ways of finding foodC when people on longer went hungD as a result of pressure on government35.According to the last paragraph,development of educationA results directly from competitive environmentsB does not depend on economic performanceC follows improved productivityD cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministersand political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.According to thestandard history of American philosophy,nowhere else in colonial Americawas“So much important attached to intellectual pursuits“According to manybooks and articles,New Englands leaders established the basic themes andpreoccupations of an unfolding,dominant Puritan tradition in Americanintellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with thePuritans5 theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about thechurch-important subjects that we may not neglect.But in keeping with ourexamination of southern intellectual life,we may consider the originalPuritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New worldcircumstances.The New England colonies were the scenes of importantepisodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive educationand influence in England.Besides the ninety or so learned ministers whocame to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were politicalleaders like John Winthrop,an educated gentleman,lawyer,and official of theCrown before he journeyed to Boston.There men wrote and publishedextensively,reaching both New World and Old World audiences,and givingNew England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget,however,that most New Englanders were less welleducated.While few crafts men or farmers,let alone dependents and servants,left literary compositions to be analyzed,The in thinking often had atraditional superstitions quality.A tailor named John Dane,who emigrated inthe late 1630s,left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is tilledwith signs,sexual confusion,economic frustrations,and religious hope-allname together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible,told his fatherthe first line he saw would settle his fate,and read the magical words:comeout from among them,touch no unclean thing,and I will be your God andyou shall be my people.One wonders what Dane thought of the carefulsermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while,many settles had slighter religious commitments than Danes,asone clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked thatthey had not come to the New world for religion.Our main end was to catchfish.”36.The author notes that in t