初中英语人教新目标八年级下册Unit1知识点.doc

八年级英语下册Unit1知识点一、重点短语1.have a fever 发烧 2.have a cough 咳嗽3.have a toothache 牙疼 4.talk too much 说得太多5.drink enough water 喝足够的水 6.have a cold 受凉;感冒7.have a stomachache 胃疼 8.have a sore back 背疼9.have a sore throat 喉咙痛 10.lie down and rest 躺下来休息11.hot tea with honey 加蜂蜜的热茶 12.see a dentist 看牙医13.get an X-ray 拍X 光片 14.take one s temperature 量体温15.put some medicine on sth.在上面敷药 16.feel very hot 感到很热17.sound like 听起来像 18.all weekend 整个周末19.in the same way 以同样的方式 20.go to a doctor 看医生21.go along 沿着走 22.on the side of the road 在马路边23.shout for help 大声呼救 24.without thinking twice 没有多想25.get off 下车 26.have a heart problem 有心脏病27.to one s surprise 使.惊讶的 28.thanks to 多亏了 ；由于29.in time 及时 30.save a life 挽救生命31.get into trouble 造成麻烦 32.right away 立刻；马上33.because of 由于 34.get out of 离开;从出萍35.hurt oneself 受伤 36.put a bandage on sth.用绷带包扎37.fa ll down 摔倒 38.feel sick 感到恶心39.have a nosebleed 流鼻血 40.cut his knee 割伤他的膝盖41.put her head back 把她的头向后仰 42.have problems breathing 呼吸困难43.mountain climbing 登山运动 44.be used to doing sth.习惯做某事45.run out (of) 用完;用尽 46.so that 以便47.so.that 如此 以至于 48.be in control of 掌管;管理49.in a difficult situation 在闲境中 50.keep on doing sth.继续或坚持做某事51.make a decision 做出决定 52.take risks 冒险53.give up 放弃二、Section A1.What s the matter? 怎么啦？出什么事情了？【解析】matter/ ' mæt(r) /n.问题；事情 What s the matter with you?= Whats the trouble with you?= What s wrong with you?你怎么了？【注】 matter 和trouble 为名词，其前可加the 或形容词性物主代词，wrong 是adj.不能加the【用法】用于询问某人有什么病或某人遇到什么麻烦、问题其后跟询问对象时， 与介词with连用。即：Whats the matter with sb.? = Whats your trouble?= Whats up? = What happens to sb.?【拓展】matter的用法(1) It doesnt matter 没关系 （用来回答别人道歉时的用语）(2) as a matter of fact= in fact 事实上, 实际上2.I have a cold 我感冒了I have a stomachache 我患胃痛I have a sore back.我背痛。【解析1】have a cold 受凉;感冒have a/an + 疾病名词 “患病” (cold/fever/cough) have a sore throat 患喉咙痛 have a sore back 患背痛 have a fever 发烧 have a cold =catch a cold 患感冒have a stomachache 患胃痛 have a toothache患牙痛have a headache 患头痛 have a backache患背痛【解析2】back n 背；背部， at the back of.在.的后面go/come back 返回 give back 归还3.hand n 手， hand in hand 手拉手V 交给；传递 hand in 上交 hand on 依次传递 hand out 分发4.She talked too much yesterday and didnt drink enough water.她昨天说话太多了并且没有喝足够的水。【解析1】too much/too many/much too短语含义用法例句too much太多后接不可数名词There is too much rain these days修饰动词，放在动词之后Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.too many太多后接可数名词复数There are too many  things for me to do every day.much too太修饰形容词或副词Its much too cold  in winter.【解析2】enough 的用法(1) adj.足够的，充分的 修饰名词时，可放在名词之前或之后，enough time(2) adv.“足够地， 十分，相当”修饰adj./adv,放在adj./adv 后，expensive enough(3) be +adj.+enough to do sth be strong enough to carry the box.5.drink some hot tea with honey.喝一些加蜂蜜的热茶。【解析】with ：prep “具有， 带有” , 表示某物带有或具有某种特征。She is a girl with long hair.with （反） withoutprep.和.一起I like to talk freely with my friends. prep 用.， 表示“使用某种工具”Cut it with a knife.6.see a dentist and get an x- ray.看牙医并且拍张x光。【解析1】see a dentist = go to a dentist看牙医see a doctor = go to a doctor 看医生【解析2】X-ray/'eks rei/n.X 射线；X 光 7.What should she do?她该怎么办呢？Should I take my temperature?我应该量一下体温吗？【解析1】should “应该” 情态动词，后跟动词原形，表示责任和义务,没有人称和数的变化，多用于表示劝告或建议。否定形式： should not =shouldnt 不应该主语+ should/ shouldnt + 动词原形.变成一般疑问句时将should提到句首。You should lie down and rest.你应该躺下休息一会儿。 You shouldnt t go out at night.你晚上不应该出去。【解析2】take ones temperature 量体温8.No, it doesnt sound like you have a fever.不需要， 听起来你不像发烧了。【解析1】sound like 听起来像， 后接名词或名词性短语作表语。sound like+名词代词和从句It sounds like a good idea.It sounds like you dont know the truth.sound +形容词，“听起来，好像”【拓展】 “感官动词+ likefeel like 摸起来像 smell like 闻起来像 look like 看起来像taste like 尝起来像【解析2】fever/ 'fi:v:(r)/n.发烧 have a fever 发烧You need to take breaks away from the computer.你需要休息一下，远离电脑。9.You need to take break away from the computer.你需要远离电脑，休息休息。【解析1】need v 需要 用于肯定句是实义动词。变成否定句或疑问句，要借助助动词do/does/did(1) need sth 需要某物， I need your help.(2) 人做主语，sb need to do sth 某人需要做某事Do you need to drink more water?(3) 物做主语，sth need doing sth = sth need to be done 某物需要被做My TV set needs repairing.need用于否定句是情态动词，后跟动词原形。neednt = dont have to 没有必要must 开头的一般疑问句，肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt【解析2】 take breaks=take a break=have a break休息一下【拓展】与take 相关的短语take in吸入take a message捎个口信；传话take a photo拍照take a shower淋浴；洗澡take a trip去旅行take a vacation去度假take a walk散步take an interest in对感兴趣take away拿走take breaks(take a break)休息一下take care of照顾；照看take care当心；小心take it easy从容；轻松；别紧张take notes做笔记take off起飞；成功         take ones place代替；替换takeseriously认真对待take out the rubbish倒垃圾take out取出take part in参加；参与take place发生  take pride in=be pride of对感到自豪take the subway乘地铁take time花费（时间）take up占据空间、时间；开始从事；拿起take ones temperature量体温9.I think I sat in the same way for too long without moving.我想我以同样的姿势一动不动地坐得太久了。【解析】without doing sth.没有做某事 （反）with （后跟Ving），in the same way 以同样的方式【拓展】与way相关的短语：all the way 一路上 by way of 经由，通过方式in no way决不 get in the way 挡道by the way 顺便提一下，另外 in ones/the way 妨碍，阻碍in a way 在某点，某种程度上 in this way 用这种方法lead the way 带路，引路 lose ones way 迷路on the/ones way(to) 在去的路上10.If your head and neck still hurt tomorrow, then go to a doctor.如果你的头和脖子明天还疼的话， 就去看医生。【解析1】neck /nek/ n.颈；脖子neck and neck 不分上下，势均力敌【解析2】hurt /h：(r)t/ v.(使痛 ；受伤)表示肉体感到疼痛或不适，使用时应用疼痛的具体部位作主语。My leg hurts.go to a doctor=see the doctor去看医生【拓展】【辨析】hurt,injure,harm与wound相同点都有“伤”的意思不同点hurt不及物动词表示“痛”，还可表示“使人的肉体受伤而疼痛”。或“伤了人的自尊心或感情”Xiao Li hurt herself when she fell down the stairs.小李从楼梯上摔下时跌伤了injure只能做及物动词表示“伤害，损害，毁坏”。一般指由于意外或事故造成损伤，它常暗示受伤部位的功能受到影响。Drinking can injure one's health.      喝酒对人的健康有害。harm作及物动词表示“损害，伤害，危害”Smoking harms our health.吸烟有害健康。wound作及物动词表示“使受伤，伤害”The hunter wounded the deer.猎人击伤了鹿。11.At 9:00 a.m .yesterday, bus No.26 was going along Zhonghua Road when the driver saw an old man lying on the side of the road.昨天上午9:00 , 26路公共汽车正沿着中华路行驶，这时，司机看见一位老人躺在马路上。【解析1】along/ down相同点： prep “顺着；沿着”不同点： along 强调顺着水平方向down 指“沿着下坡或者往南走”【解析2】see （saw , seen） v 看见（1） see sb.do sth 看见某人做某事 （强调动作发生的全过程或经常性的动作）Lucy said she saw me do the housework.（2） see sb.doing sth 看见某人正在做某事 （强调动作正在发生）I see mom cooking in the kitchen.【解析3】lie/lai/v.(lay/lei/ )躺 ；平躺lie lay lain v 躺下，(现在分词lying ).lie down 躺下lie down and rest 躺下休息12.The bus driver, 24-year-old Wang Ping, stopped the bus without thinking twice.公共汽车司机，24岁的王平，毫不犹豫的停下了车。【解析】24-year-old 24岁的“数词+名词+形容词”构成复合形容词，在句中作定语，用连字符后连接，名词用单数。【注】复合形容词的特点：（1）各词之间有连字符号（2）名词用单数（1）a 24-year-old man 24岁的男人（2）24-year-olds 作为名词 24岁（3）twenty-four years old 指年龄 24岁 13.He got off and asked the woman what happened.他下车问那名妇女发生了什么事。【解析】get off 下车 (反） get on 上车【拓展】与get相关的短语：get up起床 get back回来；取回 get over克服；度过 get to到达get onalong well with与相处融洽 get in a word插话He expected most or all of the passengers to get off and wait for the next bus.expect v 预料(1)expect to do sth.预计做某事(2)expect sb.to do sth.期待某人做某事=look forward to doing sth.期待做某事(3)I expect so/not.我期待是这样/不是这样。14.But to his surprise, they all agreed to go with him.但令他吃惊的是，所有的乘客都同意和他一起去医院。【解析】surprise s'praz v 使吃惊surprising adj.令人吃惊的surprised adj.吃惊的【解析2】agree v (反)disagree agreement n同意【拓展】与agree相关的短语15.Thanks to Mr.Wang and the passengers , the doctor saved the man in time.多亏了王先生和乘客的帮助， 医生及时挽救了那位老人的生命。【解析1】 thanks to 对亏；由于thanks to为习语介词，thanks不可以改为thank you，to后也不接动词原形，这个短语表示原因，意为“由于”、“多亏”，to表示感谢的对象。 thanks for ，意为“因而感谢”，for强调为何而感谢，其后可接名词或v-ing，thanks相当于 thank you ，【解析2】on time 准时/in time 及时on time=  at exactly the right time.准时（在规定的时间之内） 强调与某个时刻一致in time = with enough time to spare/ not late及时（恰在时间点上）表示动作在规定时间内或比规定时间提前发生【记】She didnt catch the _, so she couldnt arrive there _.【短语】at times=sometimes 有时 have a good time 玩得高兴have time =be free 有空 all the time 一直 at the same time 同时 by the time 到时候for the first time 第一次【句型】 Its time to do sth =Its time for sth 是该做某事的时间了It takes sb.some time to do sth 做某事花费某人多长时间16.But the driver didnt think about himself.但是这位司机完全没有考虑他自己。【解析】 think about 考虑；认为【短语】think about 考虑；认为 后跟名词，代词或Vingthink of 想起 常用于What dou you think of?-你认为怎么样？think over 仔细考虑 跟代词作宾语时，代词放中间think up = come up with 想出 跟代词作宾语时，代词放中间【谚语】 Think before you act.三思而后行17.Bus No.26 hit an old man on Zhonghua Road26路公共汽车在中华路上撞到了一位老人【解析】hit/hit/v.(hit/hit/hitting)( 用手或器具）击；打(1) hit sb.击中/撞到某人 The ball hit him in the face.(2) hit sb./sth.with sth.用某物击打某人/某物18.Do you agree that people often do not help others because they do not want to get into trouble?人们常常不去帮助别人是因为他们不想惹麻烦。【解析】trouble/'trbl/n .问题；苦恼get into trouble造成麻烦（或烦恼）be in trouble 处于困境中have trouble/problems/difficulty （in) doing sth做某事有困难have trouble with sth.在某事方面有困难give sb.trouble 给某人造成麻烦19.Jenny cut herself .珍妮伤着自己了【解析】herself pron.(she 的反身代词）她自己【解析】反身代词(1)反身代词的构成一、二人称的反身代词构成:形容词性物主代词+self/selves构成单数myselfyourself复数ourselvesyourselves 第三人称的反身代词构成:第三人称宾格+self/selves单数：himselfherselfitself复数：themselves(2)反身代词的常见搭配：enjoy oneself=have fun =have a good time玩得高兴teach oneself=learn by oneself 自学by oneself =alone 独自help oneself to 随便吃look after oneself 照顾自己lose oneself in sth.沉溺于introduce oneself to 自我介绍(3)反身代词必须与主语保持人称的一致。(4)反身代词的用法：作宾语（作动词或介词的宾语），He teaches himself English.作主语或宾语的同位语， I can do it by myself.20.Did you fall down ?你跌倒了吗？【解析】fall fell fallen v 落下；跌落（1）fall down 摔倒，（强调“滑倒，摔倒”，指失去平衡而摔倒，后接宾语时，应加上介词from ) She fell down from her bike.（2）fall off 指从某物上跌落下来。The girl fell off the bike.= The girl fell down from the bike.（3） fall into 落入 The leaf fell into the river.（4） fall behind 落后（5） fall in love with sb.爱上某人（6）fall asleep 入睡Section B1.Someone felt sick.有人生病了。【解析】feel sick 生病；不舒服【拓展】sick/ill辨析相同点： sick /ill adj.生病的不同点： (1) sick adj.“生病的”， 既可放be (系动词)后作表语，也可放n.前作定语。be sick of “讨厌；厌恶”sick person = patient“病人”(2) ill adj.“生病的”，只能放be (系动词)后作表语，be ill in hospital 生病住院ill illness n.“病；疾病”He was ill last week.I think her illness is very serious.The sick girl was sent to hospital by her mother yesterday.补充 Someone cut his knee.有人切到他的膝盖。cut v 割；切； n 伤口（cut-cut-cut-cutting）【拓展】与cut相关的短语cut oneself 切到某人自己 cut up切碎cut into pieces 切成碎片 cut down 砍倒cut off 砍掉补充 took him to the hospital to get an X-ray.带他上医院拍x光片taketo 带去【拓展】bring,take,carry,get,fetch辨析bring 意为“拿来；带来”，指从别处带到说话处。take 意为“拿去；带去”，指把某物（人）从说话处带到别处。与bring所表示的方向相反。get 表示到某地去把某物取来，相当于fetch。bring意为“搬运；携带”，没有方向性。2.Aron Ralston is an American man who is interested in mountain climbing.阿伦.罗尔斯是一名热爱登山运动的美国人。【解析1】 who 引导的定语从句（重点，先看着，具体的后面还会跟你讲）记住一个口诀：主谓宾，定状补；谓前为状，谓后补定语：a good book （good就是定语，修饰，限定名词或代词，主要是形容词，也有数词代词）定语从句：定义：用一个句子来修饰前面的名词或代词的句子，叫做定语从句。先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。关系词：引导定语从句的连词叫做关系词，关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：that，which，who，whom，whose等，绝对没有what，what不能引导定语从句关系副词：where，when，why，howHe is the boy who/that often helps me.who 指人，在定语从句中作主语【方法突破】定语从句先行词还原法初中阶段对定语从句的考察主要是关系词的运用。首先大家可以把先行词还原到从句。其次在选择关系词时，一要看先行词是指人还是指物，二要看在从句中作任何成分，从而做出正确的判断。【解析2】be interested in 对感兴趣【拓展1】interest （1）n兴趣（2）v引起关注；使感兴趣take/have an interest in=be interested in 对感兴趣places of interest名胜lose interest in失去兴趣【拓展2】interesting/interested辨析interesting adj.令人有兴趣的 作表语，修饰物；The story is interesting.作定语；This is an interesting book.interested adj.对感兴趣 作表语，修饰人 We are interested in studying English.be interested in sth./doing sth.对变得感兴趣=show great interest in sth./doing sth.表现出对的极大兴趣3.As a mountain climber, Aron is used to taking risks.作为一名登山者，阿伦习惯于冒险。【解析1】 as prep，"作为"，"以身份"。【拓展】as的用法：当的时候 用来引导时间状语从句，表示主从句的动作同时发生I started as he opened the door.按照，如同 表示方式Im sure shell do as you like.因为，由于 表示原因As you were out,I left a message.【解析2】be used to (doing)习惯于（做）；适应于（做）【用法】(1) use v.使用useful adj.有用的 use up 用完Studying English is useful.(2) use sth to do sth 用某物做某事We use Internet to find information.(3) used to do sth 过去常常做某事，表示过去做过的事现在已经不做,只用于过去时态。I used to get up at six.(4) be /get used to doing sth 习惯于做某事My grandpa is used to living in country.(5) be used to do sth 被用来做某事=be used for doing sthPapers is used to write something important.Papers is used for writing something important.【记】 He used to wear glasses .But now he is used to wearing contact lenses.他以前常戴（框架）眼镜，但现在习惯戴隐形眼镜。3.This is one of the exciting things about doing dangerous sports.做危险的运动时令人兴奋的事情之一。【解析】one of .之一【结构】“one of + the +adj.最高级 +n 复数” ， 做主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。One of the most popular colors is red in China.Qujing is one of the largest cities in Yunnan .4.There were many times when Aron almost lost his life because of accidents.很多次阿伦因为出事故几乎丧命。【解析1】almost adv 差不多almost / nearly 辨析：相同点：almost和nearly都表示“差不多”、“几乎”、“将近”等。都是程度副词。不同点：almost 可和表示否定意义的代词、名词连用Shes almost never in.Nearly 不能和表示否定意义的代词、名词连用She nearly missed her train.【解析2】lose lost lost v 失去lose ones life 失去生命 lose heart 失去信心lose/miss辨析：相同点：都有“丢失”的意思不同点：lose 丢失而难以复得， I lost my pen on my way home.miss 发现某物不见了， I didnt miss the key until I got home.【解析3】because of 由于；因为【拓展】because/because of辨析【记】跟句子时用because ,加名词短语时用because of词性 用法because连词后接句子（引导原因状语从句），还可回答why引导的句子because of介词短语后接名词或/ving【注】 (1) because of +n/ving /代词宾格(用于句中)Shes worried because of her son.(2) because conj +从句 （引导原因状语从句）He didnt go to school yesterday because he was ill.(3) because 还可以回答why 引导的句子 Why do you like pandas? Because they are cute.(4) because 和so 不能一起连用，二者只能用其一。Mo Yans books have been sold out in many book stores because of his wi