2013英美国家基本概况重点提炼.pdf
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1、2013 英美国家基本概况重点提炼1.Commonwealth :It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It has no special powers. And the nations are united because of economic reasons. Under the Commonwealth, the nations develop. 2 .The Chunnel :In 1985 the British government and Fre
2、nch government decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994. 3. Cockney :It refers to the person from the East of London. He is a Londoner who is born
3、within the sound of Bow Bell. He has a special accent in his speech. 4.Eisteddfod:Eisteddfod is the Welsh word for “sitting” National Eidteddfod is the most famous festival of music and verse in Wales. It takes place each August and 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -
4、第 1 页,共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - - lasts for about a week. The highlight of the festival is competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh. The winner is crowned Board, considered the supreme honour in Wales. In this way the Welsh people keep the Welsh language and culture al
5、ive. 5.Stonehenge :It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes. 6. Beaker Folk:they were the people came to Britain from central Eur
6、ope at about 2000BC. They were so called because they were fond of drinking and buried themselves in the bell-shaped beer container. They developed their own farming society. 7.The Celts:The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave were the Gales, the second wave were the Brythons a
7、nd the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practised farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their languages are the basis of both Welsh and 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - - Ga
8、elic. They religion was Druidism. 8. St. Augustine:In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. That year, St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine was remarkably successful
9、 in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north. 9. Alfred the Great:He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading
10、 Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the British navy”.10.Danelaw:It refers to the piece of land of England under the control o
11、f the Danish in the 9th century. The Danish and the Vikings capture York, an important 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - - center of Christianity. They could not conquer Alfred and had to stay in the north and east. 11.The danegeld :It
12、was the tax collected in 10th century. When Viking invaded England, the King Ethelred the Unready tried paying the invaders to stay away. The Dane received the money but grew greedier. This marked the decline of Anglo-Saxon kingdom. 12.Norman Conquest:The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-
13、known event in English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. 13. Domesday Book:It was the first survey of land in
14、 Britain under William to strengthen his rule. It aimed at getting taxes. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - - kept in
15、 the Public Records Office in London. 14.Common law :It was an unwritten law common to people in Britain. It is also called “Case law ” since it was based on former judgments and customs. It appeared under Henry and now it has become part of British law of sources. 15.Jury system :It was a system re
16、placed old English and Norman way of trial in Henry IIs day. At that time a jury was composed of twelve men and the jurors function was to act as witnesses not to hear evidences and give verdict. Now the jury decides the issue of guilt or innocence. 16.Geoffrey Chaucer:He was an important English po
17、et in the fourteenth century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Beckets tomb. Because he was the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known as the “Father of English Poetry ”.精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 -
18、- - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - - 17.Magna Carta :It was also called the barons Charter or the Great Charter in 1215.It has many clause but the important one was that only the Grand Council could decide to collect money or not. And it has long been reg
19、arded as the foundation of English liberties but its spirit was to limit the kings power.18.Hundred Years War:It refers to the fight-and cease war between France and England that lasted for more than 120 years.(1337-457) The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. After three stages of t
20、he war was over, the English were driven out of France with only Calais in hand. The ending of the war is regarded as a blessing for both countries. 19.Black Death :It was a disease or plague spread by rat fleas in 14th cen. It spread through Europe. Many people died and the population of England sh
21、rank. It caused labor shortage and other social problems. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - - 20.War of Roses :It was a barons w ar in 15th century in England. War of roses was so called because the warring sides used white & red roses
22、as their families symbols. And the War lasted for decades/ many years. Many local nobles died and the feudal system got a heavy blow. 21.Tudor Dynasty::It refers to the dynasty established by Henry Tudor after the War of Roses. Five Tudor monarchs ruled England and Wales for just over two hundred ye
23、ars. In a short time span they achieve a great deal. Henry VIIIs and Elizabeth I are significant monarchies in English history. 22.The English Reformation:It is a religious reform started in England during Henry VIIIs rule. It was a gradual reform which lasted for years. As Henry became the Supreme
24、Head of the Church of England, the Church of England was thought as a national church, especially after Bloody Mary, Protestantism and nationalism meant the same. 23.Blood Mary :精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - - It is the nickname giv
25、en to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary. 24.The Armada:It was the name for the Spanish fleet in the 16th cent
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