A Brief Survey of American Literature.ppt
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1、ABriefSurveyofAmericanLiterature,I.ColonialPeriod(1607-1765)II.EnlightenmentandRevolutionPeriod(1765-endof18thcentury)III.RomanticPeriod(1800-1865)IV.RealisticPeriod(1865-1918)V.ModernPeriod(1918-1945)VI.ContemporaryAmericanLiterature(1945-),I.ColonialPeriod(1607-1765)Background:Puritanismfeaturesof
2、PuritanismPredestination:Goddecidedeverythingbeforethingsoccurred.Originalsin:Humanbeingswereborntobeevil,andthisoriginalsincanbepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Limitedatonement:Onlythe“elect”canbesaved.InfluenceAgroupofgoodqualitieshardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety(seriousandthoughtful)influenced
3、Americanliterature.,TypesofWriting,1、清教徒采用的文学体裁:A、narratives日记B、journals游记2、清教徒的写作内容:theirvoyagetothenewlandadaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcropsaboutdealingwithIndiansendlessbounty,boldspirit,ImportantWriters,AnneBradstreet安妮布雷特兹里特(1612-1672)anEnglish-Americanwriter,thefirstnotableAmerican
4、poet,andthefirstwomantobepublishedinColonialAmerica.HerworkwasveryinfluentialtoPuritansinhertime.MuchofBradstreetspoetryisbasedonobservationoftheworldaroundher,focusingheavilyondomesticandreligiousthemes.,EdwardTaylor爱德华泰勒(1642-1729),acolonialAmericanpoet,physician,andpastor.Taylorscompletepoemswere
5、notpublisheduntil1960.TayloristheonlyknownAmericanpoetwhowroteinthemetaphysicalstyle.,II.EnlightenmentandRevolutionPeriod(1765-endof18thcentury),Background:ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublictheUnitedStatesofAmerica.TypeofWritingProse(ofReasoning),politic
6、alwritingsandorations,ImportantWriters,BenjaminFranklin本杰明富兰克林(1706-1790)oneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates.Anotedpolymath.Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcasticWorks:PoorRichardsAlmanac格言历书Autobiography自传(18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传),ThomasJefferson托马斯杰斐逊DeclarationofIndepende
7、nce独立宣言ThomasPaine托马斯潘恩CommonSense常识WilliamHillBrown威廉希尔布朗ThePowerofSympathy同情的力量(第一部美国小说)PhilipFreneau菲利浦弗瑞诺-“FatherofAmericanPoetry”TheWildHoneySuckle野忍冬花,III.RomanticPeriod(1800-1865)Background:IndependenceofBritishgovernmentArrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditionsofEuropeRomanticism:morale
8、nthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandmanssocietiesasourceofcorruption.Transcendentalism:asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestra
9、intsoflawandcustom.,III.RomanticPeriod(1800-1865)BackgroundThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.NationalismstimulatedagreaterliteraryinterestinAmericaslanguage.In1828NoahWebsterpublished“AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage”.Americanchar
10、actertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.,III.RomanticPeriod(1800-1865)Literaryforms:Novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmericasprincipalliteraryforms.,ImportantWriters,WashingtonIrving华盛顿欧文(1783-1859)-thefirstgreatprosestylistofAmerican
11、romanticism.SketchBook见闻札记-thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature开创了美国短篇小说的传统TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷传奇RipVanWinkle瑞普凡温克尔,JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯费尼莫尔库珀(1789-1851)-launchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstoriestheseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersagaTheLeatherstockingTales皮袜子故事集
12、,regardas“thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic.”(开创了美国文学的一个重要主题文明的发展对大自然和它代表的崇高品德的摧残与破坏)Itscentralfigureinthenovels,NattyBumppo(美国文学的一个重要的原型人物独立不羁、逃避社会、在大自然中需求完美精神世界的班波).,WilliamCullenBryant威廉卡伦布赖恩特(1794-1878)-thefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.ToaWaterfowl”致水鸟TheYellowViolet黄色的堇香花,EdgarA
13、llanPoe埃德加爱伦坡(1809-1849)-editor,poet,literarycritic,oftenusedgrotesqueorfantasticevents.Poetry:TheRaven乌鸦HorrorFiction:TheFalloftheHouseofUsher厄舍大厦的倒塌Whodunit:MurdersintheRueMorgue莫格街谋杀案,RalphWaldoEmersion拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生(1803-1882)-bestrememberedforleadingtheTranscendentalistmovementofthemid-19thcentury-b
14、elievedaboveallinindividualism,independenceofmind,andself-relianceNature论自然Self-Reliance论自立,打破神学统治,强调人在宇宙万物中的地位,对确立民主思想和发展民族文化起了极大作用。,HenryDavidThoreau梭罗Walden瓦登湖,CivilDisobedience论公民的不服从WaltWhitman惠特曼LeavesofGrass草叶集NathanielHawthorne霍桑TheScarletLetter红字HermanMelville梅尔维尔MobyDick白鲸HarrietBeecherSto
15、we斯多夫人UncleTomsCabin汤姆叔叔的小屋,IV.RealisticPeriod(1865-1918),BackgroundMechanization机器化Urbanization城市化,许多人涌入城市,阶级差异明显Industrialization工业化,LocalColorLiterature,IV.RealisticPeriod(1865-1918),Localcolorliteraturereferstofictionorpoetrythatfocusesonspecificfeaturesincludingcharacters,dialects,customs,histo
16、ry,andtopographyofaparticularregion.Sincetheregionmaybearecreationorreflectionoftheauthorsown,thereisoftennostalgiaandsentimentalityinthewriting.美国乡土文学(localcolorliterature)着重描绘某一地域的特色,即方言土语、社会风尚、生活习俗、民间传说、性格人物以及地方独特景色,常见形式是短篇小说。其中可见浪漫主义与现实主义的双重影响:从日常普通生活反映边地奇俗或异域风景,又通过细节描写保持真实性与准确性。其特点与弱点均在于依恋过去黄金时
17、代的浓浓乡愁与感伤。,乡土文学在新英格兰地区的代表是女作家朱厄特(SarahOrneJewett).迪普黑文(DeephavenandOtherStories)和长篇小说尖枞树之乡(TheCountryofPointedFirs)描绘了新英格兰农村的宁静生活,勤奋的人民和战后的衰落.南方乡土文学作家:哈里斯(JoelchandierHarris).雷默斯大叔:他的歌与话(UncleRemus:HisSongsandSayings)通过黑奴雷默斯大叔介绍了大量起源于非洲的幽默诙谐的民间故事和神话,对马克.吐温产生一定的影响.肖邦(KateChopin)写过一百多篇反映南方城乡的法国和西班牙殖民者
18、后裔同黑人与印第安人之间的关系的作品。她描写一位女性自我意识觉醒过程的长篇小说觉醒(TheAwakening)已成为女性文学的经典作品.西部的乡土文学作家是哈特(BretHarte).他的作品主要反映西部的边疆生活,最著名的是咆哮营的幸运儿(TheLuckofRoaringCamp).,IV.RealisticPeriod(1865-1918),Background19世纪70年代,随着梭罗,霍桑等人的去世,浪漫主义文学运动衰落。纽约取代了波士顿成为美国文学的中心。各地区风格独特的乡土文学促进了现实主义文学的发展。这时期的作家不再探索生死之奥秘或歌颂英勇的个人,也不满足于充满理想与激情的浪漫主
19、义。他们着眼于现实生活,努力表现这个充满活力与矛盾,自由竞争和崇尚物质享受的新时代,同时也开始批判社会现实,揭露美国社会的阴暗面。美国现实主义文学的代表作家:豪威尔斯(WilliamDeanHowells),马克.吐温(MarkTwain)和詹姆斯(HenryJames).,WilliamDeanHowells威廉迪安豪威尔斯(1837-1920),Americanrealistauthorandliterarycritic.HewasknownfortheChristmasstoryChristmasEveryDayandforthenovelTheRiseofSilasLapham塞拉斯拉
20、帕姆的发迹.“Realismisnothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.”-CriticismandFiction批评与小说,MarkTwain马克吐温(1835-1910),SamuelLanghorneClemens,wellknownbyhispennameMarkTwain,wasanAmericanauthorandhumorist.TwainisnotedforhisnovelsAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884),whichhasbeencalled“theGreatAm
21、ericanNovel”,andTheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876).Heisextensivelyquoted.Twainwasafriendtopresidents,artists,industrialists,andEuropeanroyalty.Twainwasverypopular,andhiskeenwitandincisivesatireearnedpraisefromcriticsandpeers.Uponhisdeathhewaslaudedasthe“greatestAmericanhumoristofhisage”,andWilliamFaulkn
22、ercalledTwain“thefatherofAmericanliterature”.,HenryJames亨利詹姆斯(1843-1916),American-bornwriter,giftedwithtalentsinliterature,psychology,andphilosophy.Novelofmanners(世态小说),主人公基本为上流社会人士和有产阶级,代表作有一位女士的画像(ThePortraitofaLady),鸽翼(TheWingsoftheDove),专使(TheAmbassadors),金碗(TheGoldenBowl)等。,Naturalism,19世纪末,美国垄
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