RON课程SC记录材料prep学习知识重点.doc
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1、*-Ambiguity1. The unemployment rate in Esteria last month was 5.3%, compared to the rate in Burdistan.是错的,因为后半句没有意义,compare to/with要与数字放在一起才对;2. 要特别注意“PREP+NOUN+VING”的形式,如果VING是PREP的对象,则这个就是错的,如:the evidence of my brother stealing。这里就只能说是我兄弟的证据,然后stealing可以修饰我兄弟也可以修饰证据。Idiom 1. 比较词:一般认为rather than=i
2、nstead of,不过Rather than多对动词而instead of多对名词;2. 习惯表达:1)Immigrants from the Mideast is BETTER. Mideast CANNOT be used as an adjective of nationality. For the same reason, you CANNOT say Asia People in place of People from Asia.2) 为什么会有with whom、to which这样的东西出现:不能用介词结尾。3) A NOUN TO VERB is CORRECT ONLY
3、when Noun is ABSTRACT. Eg:A tool to install the shelves是错的;(具体的词表目的是有点奇怪,这个时候用with比较好)4) 描述法律法规的内容要用ing分词短语修饰法令的内容要以分词表示其延续性,不要加定语从句。,如;除非表达的是法规的目的,laws后面不能用to do修饰,而应该用doing.(同样的词还有agreement,directive)5) the increase in X means that X itself has increased.因此如果是某年某个东西增长了多少应该用the increase of X。6) 如果把
4、职位、称号放在人名前面,如果没有冠词,或者有定冠词,就不用逗号;7) 不定冠词类指用法的限制:因为a/an的类指用法指的是某一类中任何一个具有代表性的成员。所以any可以替换a/an。但类指的a/an不能用来表示那些属于整个类别的特性。如A tiger is becoming almost extinct.是错的,因为extinct是整个老虎类别的特性。3. 小词的用法:1) So that& such that& so as to:A. so that连用有表主观目的的意思,但是不连用就没有这个意思,他表示某个动作的结果/目的,因此不修饰介词短语和名词;B. 传统区别,so后面加adj而su
5、ch后面加n;C. so as to的表达为so ADJ as to,他需要逻辑主语,一般与主句共享,但前面最好不要有宾语否则容易混淆。而so that是可以主句与that从句有不同的主语的;D. enough不能与以上混用;E. 他们都说表示结果的,但是如果so that后面跟情态动词,则不表示结果而表示目的,so as to可表示目的也可以表示结果;2) so.as的搭配只用在否定句与asas对应。3) Through和by的区别:通过做A达到了做B,如果B已经做到了,则偏向于through,否则by;b)through指达成、做到一个结果所做的行为,他前面跟的是那件事的结果,而by往往是
6、指为了做某事而行使的行为,前面不一定是结果;c)4) Able、capacity:1) when you see these words, think about WHO or WHAT is actually able to DO something. ;2)enabled should still be used to describe an actual ability. I.e., if you wouldnt say that someone/something is able to do something, then you cant use enabled to express
7、 that idea, either.;3)can和be able to不需要从意思上(能力还是可能性)加以区分,只要注意时态看哪个更合适,又没有明显错误就行5) there are表示自然存在或统计数据,没有进行时态6) thereby是副词,不能做连词,小心run-on4. 必须修饰N的修饰词:1) based on:与口语表达不同,他必须修饰语气靠近的名词,如果放在句首则修饰主句主语。所谓修饰,是要使object be based on有意义。(based on what you said,I think。这句话是错的,并非I IS BASED ON WHAT YOU SAID)2) D
8、ue todue to,similar to,differing from等有形容词性质的介词,GMAT中一般不能出现在句首。 :与based on用法相同。后面只能加N,也不能修饰句子或从句(其前不能有句子)。=caused by(I have to stay all night due to the presentation是错的,night is due to是没有意义的)3) 逗号+including:注意including后面不能加包含的所有的内容。when you see comma + including, you should think of including as a p
9、reposition, not as an -ing modifier. therefore, including X will become a prepositional phrase that describes the stuff preceding the comma.(include和among是重复的,要注意。)4)5. because of + VING是错的,只能直接加noun;与due to不同,because of修饰的是句子。6. in thatin that is used to limit a general statement.他突出表达is the only w
10、ay/aspect - (OG12 says that in that means in as much as,约等于because of)- X is Z in that Y - this is a qualifier; it implies that Y is the only certain way in which X is Z.(eg:My brother and I are like each other in that we both have quirky senses of humor.这句话说明我们两个只有这个一样,其他都不一样,所以不能换成because。)Modifie
11、rbasic rule:go as close as possible to the stuff it describing1. APPOSITIVE MODIFIER(从逗号开始,只含名词及名词修饰词):1)一定修饰其前的名词;但如果这个同位语是ABSTRACT感觉是抽象的名词可以代指一个动作、一件事情,则可以修饰整个句子(eg:I went to bar with S,an outing。),如果同位语要修饰的名词也是抽象的,他又可以修饰这个抽象名词(eg:our company will hold its field day,an outing。);2)如果这个同位语在句首,后面必须跟它
12、对应的东西,不要隔一个in 1995之类的;3)结构:n. , n. ; n. , a/an + n.或 a/an + n. , n.(可以是一个概括性名词解释前面的现象,可以是抽象名词,也可以是直接重复前面的名词),注意如果不是一个抽象名词是不能做同位语替代前面的内容的PS. Twice as many/much as是一个同位语从句,不是一个副词短语;同样可作为同位语的还有different from。2. INITIAL MODIFIER1)组成:开始于VING(or starting with preposition + -ING (especially in + -ING)), VE
13、D, N+NMODIFIER, ADJ, LIKE/UNLIKE(While studying the genetic makeup of corn这样的句子虽然是状从的省略形式状从引导词+adj/ving/ved,但是不能加prep和n的情况下可以省略,此时逻辑主语是主句主语所以判断两个:1)能省略;2)做正常initial判断,也可以看作是一个modifier)也可能有prep+以上甚至n+prep+以上。2)必须修饰紧跟(即使只有一个in England也是不行的,必须马上有)着的主语(用逗号隔开的)根据课程可能倒装也是不行的,谨慎。3)headless modifier:headles
14、s in the sense that it doesnt have a subject。需要修饰紧接着的逗号后面的名词(A decade after 并没有改变后面的主语余姚发出initiate这个动作的情况。initiating the nations most comprehensive and aggressive antismoking program,California has seen per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs annually to about 60, a drop mor
15、e than twice as great as that)4)相对应的时间是其修饰的那个句子中所使用的时间;3. 不能用much和many中任何一个修饰increase这一类的词:if the noun in question is already an explicitly numerical quantity(number、amount、quantity、speed、frequency、rate、size、price等), then you should use neither much nor many. instead, you should just use twice or do
16、uble by itself.4. HAVING DONE: 1)完成时的ing分词形式(having done)作为限制性的修饰是不可以的,但是可以作为非限制性的修饰,i.e.他出现至少前面是要有逗号的,而且它不做后置定语; 2)本身就表示发生在主句动作之前,不能用when When是同时发生的意思having done,同理,after having done也是不对的(可以用after sth has done);3)可以做定语也可以做状语,所以要分清他修饰的内容是不是有歧义。5. such an X only makes sense when the concept of X coul
17、d theoretically encompass many possibilities, of which such an X is only one.(i.e., if you have already given the exact, unique definition of X, then such an X makes no sense.)eg:That they do not pay back their loans on time, such a group6. WITH:1)with A,B。AB不能是两个相反的东西,要相互加强;2)if you write .with X V
18、ERBing, the implication is that this is happening at the same time as the verb in the main clause.而不能是有顺序关系的。(eg:roy ran down the hallway, with his arms flapping frantically.说明他的手臂flapping跟run是一起的。)3)with+N+Nmodifier是with的独立主格结构,修饰前面的分句而不是前面的某个单词(in general, COMMA + prep phrase modifier is an adverb
19、ial modifier, meaning that it modifies the entirety of the preceding clause.);4)“Orb-weaving spiders such as the argiope build webs that are essentially wheel-like structure, with an outer rim and a number of spokes emanating from the hub.”这个句子里,with修饰的是其前面wheel-like的从句。4)注意它做伴随状语的性质,关注与主句的关系是否正确;5)
20、With usually describes how or using what tools/means/persons an action was performed. When with is preceded by a comma, it usually modifies the preceding clause (indicating how the action was performed) or the subject (who else did the subject perform the action with?).7. BEING + MODIFIER:大部分情况下都是错的
21、,除非是要表达被动或者做进行时/助动词(THX U for being my bro),而冗余的情况基本是三种:多余、冒充as、冒充to beyou should avoid being when expressing the IDENTITY or CHARACTERISTICS of some individual or thing.8. VED肯定是作为adj修饰名词的,但是compared with不仅可以修饰其前的核心名词,也可以修饰主语(Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are
22、 Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.)9. ONLY:Many careful writers will insist that only be placed immediately before the word or phrase it modifies.10. VED:过去分词短语在句尾,一般优先就近作定语修饰名词,ed分词短语在句首,其逻辑主语等于句子的主语。Pronoun指代不明不是绝对错误1. 可以容忍指代不明的情况(同时满足):文章意思很明确;与要指代的代词平行且与其他代词都不平行;只有当指代的名词与错误的
23、名词平行且与正确的名词不平行时,才一定排除,否则就先保留看看。2. 不满足上述条件,可以安全排除的条件:if you see an AMBIGUOUS PRONOUN that is SPLIT AGAINST A SPECIFIC NOUN(可能是that明确修饰的某个词做具体的名词) - i.e., it is replaced by a specific noun in other answer choices - then you can probably feel safe in eliminating it. if the ambiguous pronoun is NOT spli
24、t against a specific noun, then you may want to think twice about eliminating it.3. 遇到代词看几点:1)根据intend meaning,是否可以有一个名词指代;2)是否在其他答案中被一个具体的名词替代;3)数量是否正确;4)是否在意思上是要指代句中做形容词成分的词4. 只要是要指代某个概念的词,即使不是modifier,也要尽量跟要指代的词离得近。5. Pronoun within modifiers:从句内已经由引导词代指过的成分位子又出现了代词(the book that I read it yester
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