2022年超详细非谓语动词讲解 .pdf
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1、非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)定义在句子中不是谓语的动词,形式 :不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)作用 : 在句子中充当主语、宾语、状语等。特点 :1.非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。2.非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。3.非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。4.谓语动词在句中作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制;非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,它不受主语的人称和数的限制。5.英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。与谓语动词的关系相同点(1)如果是及物动词都
2、可与宾语连用,例如:They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. (2)都可以被状语修饰:The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. (3)都有主动与被动, “体” 式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如:He was punished by his parents.(谓语动词被动语态)He avoided being punished by his parents.(动名词的被动式)We have written the compositio
3、n. (谓语动词的完成时)Having written the composition, we handed it in. (现在分词的完成式)(4)都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)The boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)We are League members. (谓语动词的主语)We being League member, the work was well done. (现在分词的逻辑主语)不定式一、形式功能:动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、
4、副词的特征。否定式: not + (to) do 以 do 为例,动词不定式的构成如下:(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后. 例如:Im nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划花钱去参观。He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家。The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术。The teacher ordered the
5、 work to be done. 老师要求完成工作。(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如: The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。He is pleased to hav
6、e met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。二、不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 8 页动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it 作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:It is very hard to finish the work in ten
7、 minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。常用句式有:(1)作主语:1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词 +of sb +to do。与 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,wrong , careful , polite , 等表示赞扬或批评的形容词连用,不定式前的 sb.可作其逻辑主语。与 for
8、连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词:possible,impossible,easy,hard,difficult ,necessary It s necessary for you to study hard .(necessary 修饰 to study hard,表示学习努力是有必要的)It s foolish of him to do it .(foolish 修饰逻辑主语him)(2)作表语:放 be 动词后,构成表语Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。He appears to have caught a cold
9、. 他似乎感冒了。注意:(3)作宾语:动词 +不定式。如:He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him. (it 作形式宾语)下列动词通常用不定式作宾语:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, promise, prefer, like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , teach , help , arrange , dare
10、, decide , determine , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect ,choose, get等动词 +疑问词 +to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语。如:I don t know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can t decide when to go there.注意: 不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式宾语。如:I find it necessary to learn a foreign lan
11、guage. We think it important to obey the laws . 不定式动词可充当介词宾语,如:I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里,别无选择。He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。(4)作宾语补足语:动词 +宾语 +不定式( to do )He warned me to b
12、e careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?(不带 to 的不定式)注:可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage,beg, permit, persuade,prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:With
13、 a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema 他有很多工作要做,所以没去电影院。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 8 页表见解、看法的动词结构可为:动词+宾语 + to be 的不定式结构:We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.(被动语态) There +不定式We didn t expect there to be so m
14、any people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。注意: (1)有些动词需用as 短语作补语,像regard, think, believe, take, consider。如:We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。(2)在动词 feel (一感),hear, listen to(二听),have, let, make(三让),notice, see, watch, observe, look at(五看) (即:吾看三室两厅一感觉 )
15、等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to。如:They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.(3)help 后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.I often help him (to)clean the room. (5)作定语:动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:1)He is looking for a room to live in. (动状关系)He has got a chance to go abroad. (
16、同位关系)3)主谓关系: She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting . -Im going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 逻辑主语是I ) -Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 逻辑主语不是I ) 4)动宾关系:I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。注意:如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词。如:I need a pe
17、n to write with . (I will wirte with the pen ) (我需要一直钢笔写字)I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little baby ) (我有一个婴儿要照看)He is looking for a room to live ?He is looking for a room to live in . What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它?如果不定式修饰time, place, way ,可以省略介词:He has no place to
18、live. 他无处安身。This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。He has no money and no place to live ( in ) . I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot . There is no time to think ( about ) . 注意:不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动、也可用被动式:Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗?Have you got a
19、nything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗?说明所修饰名词的内容:We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。( 6)作状语:表目的:He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:wron
20、g :To save money, every means has been tried. right :To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数。wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right :To learn English 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 8 页well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语,他需要一本词典。作目的状语:既可以放在句首,也
21、可以放在句尾To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked. 说实话,我不喜欢他讲话的方式。表结果 (往往是与预期愿望相反的结果意料之外 ): 常放在 never only 后He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了,只见火车已经走了。I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他,只见他出去了。表原因:常放在形容词后面They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。表程度:Its t
22、oo dark for us to see anything. 太暗了,我们什么也看不见。The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。三、 不定式的省略:情态动词(除ought 外, ought to do)would rather, had better感官动词 和使役动词由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去。如: He wants to move to France and marry the girl.helpWhy /Why not But 和 except 前是动词do 时,后面出
23、现的动词用不带to 的动词不定式。试比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后,可以省去to be .如:保留 to 省略 do 动词。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. 如果你不想做这件事,你就不必做。不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。下列短语中,如果意义明确,常常省略到to:want to
24、 , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able to He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生。五、注意:1to 作介词 :agree to, object to,close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank
25、 to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to 动名词一、定义 : 动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。二、形式:及物动词不及物动词主动被动主动一般时doingbeing donedoing完成时having donehaving been donehaving done一般式doing (谓语动词同时发生)being done Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。完成式having done having been done (谓语动词发生之前)We remembered
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