初级中学英语写作校本课程开发方案计划.doc

-*初中英语写作校本课程开发方案一一、开发背景校本课程是近几年伴随素质教育的推行而出现的一种新型课程，是改变教学观念、改革课程、改造课堂教学模式、改进教学方法和改善教学内容的重要举措。英语校本课程是以英语知识为载体，以激发学生学习兴趣，学生特长为目的。以学生为活动主体，使学生热爱英语学科，并形成良好的英语素质的一门课程。英语课程必须根据学生身心发展和英语学习的特点，关注学生的个体差异和不同的学习需求，爱护学生的好奇心，求知欲，充分激发学生的主动意识和进取精神，倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式。校本课程的开展无疑给英语教学注入新鲜的血液，并在英语教学改革中，为学生创建了一个五彩滨纷的英语学习平台。培养学生的英语口、笔头交际能力是整个初中阶段英语教学的目的之一。其中“写”属于较高层次的信息系统，是语言输出的重要途径，能比较客观地反映学生多方面的语言运用能力，诸如书面语言表达能力和思维组织能力等。写作教学也是初中英语教学的一个重要组成部分，它应该贯穿在整个英语教学的全过程，始终伴随着对话,课文及词汇，语法等语言知识的教学而展开。但是，由于受应试教育影响和中考指挥棒的左右，教师大多“着重培养学生的阅读能力”，往往把写作教学看作是应付考试的一种应急手段，放在次要的位置；加上写作训练费时费力，又收效甚微，因此教师对英语写作教学的指导积极性不高，在这方面的研究也相对滞后。英语写作一直以来是初中英语教学的薄弱环节。二、开发目的在实际写作过程中，由于不注重平时的积累，语言知识贫乏，学生普遍缺乏英语写作兴趣，写作热情不高。有的学生写作时感到无从下笔，或者即使下得了笔，也仅仅是简单语句的堆砌，平乏无味；有的学生甚至对英语写作望而生畏，消极应付；总体上学生存在严重的英语表述上的困难。写作能力不高主要表现在：汉语影响、生词造句；词汇贫乏、搭配不当；句型误用、语法不通；信息不全、条理紊乱；语言连贯性差，语篇立意差；缺少整体的谋篇布局和前后呼应；写作时往往用中文构思，再译成英语，于是常常出现中文式的英语等。研究表明，在语言学习中学习者产生错误的原因很多，母语的迁移便是其中的一个因素。语言的迁移可分为正迁移和负迁移。负迁移也称干扰，是母语与目的语的某些特点相迥异时，学习者套用母语模式或规则而产生的错误。在学生的英语写作中，尤其是在基础薄弱的学生中，母语的思维痕迹是十分明显的，这是他们习惯了用中文思维而导致的结果。总之，由于缺乏有效的写作训练和指导，学生对所学语言的掌握、内化效果大打折扣。开设了英语校木课程，目的是为了拓展学生的知识面，充分挖掘学生的潜能，培养学生学英语的兴趣。便于学生全方位地了解英语国家的文化背景，提高他们的学习水平。培养学生欣赏英语国家文化的能力和创新能力;培养学生良好的道德品质和人文素养;培养学生的国际参与意识和跨文化交际能力;发展学生的个性，提高他们的基本素质。三.开发原则以提高学生英语语言综合能力运用为基本宗旨以提高学生学习英语兴趣为目的培养学生的合作意思与创新精神。（1）有效性和重要性的原则。在科学技术迅速发展的信息时代，面临着不断更新的知识体系，我们在开发校本课程时，在选择课程内容的过程中，经过英语教师的精选，选择与学生生活息息相关的内容。（2）趣味性和可学性的原则。校本课程的开发必须充分考虑学生的兴趣和需要，这是开发的出发点。这有助于提高学生的想象力和创造力;易于学生消化学习的内容。同时，在编制校本课程的过程中，课程的内容要选择学生能接受并能理解的知识范围，而且内容要健康。（3）现实性和应用性的原则。现实性就是要求校本课程的内容必须符合当今社会的现实需求。在选择课程内容时，要有准确的世界观和人生价值观，要有利于培养学生的创新意识和横向思维能力。应用性就是要求在课程开发中选择最有助于学生解决现实问题的课程内容，选择具有应用价值的知识。四.课程内容（1）记叙文（Narration）、这是最普遍、最基本的一种文体。写作中应遵循以下几点。1）交待要素，即人、时、地、事。2）按事件发生的先后顺序叙述完整、具体。3）要重点突出，目的明确。记叙文所记的都是过去发生的事情（2）说明文(Exposition)、描写文(Description)这是英文常见的两种文体，以解说和描述为主要表达方式。（3）日记(Diary)这是把自己当天生活中经历的有意义的事以及见闻或感受记录下来的书面形式。文体自由，通常用第一人称写。（4）书信（letters）一般分为私人信函（Personal letters）和正式信函（Business letters）。英文书信从信封到正文，其格式与汉语有许多不同。（5）通知和便条（Notice,Note）一般至少有口头通知、书面通知两种形式，至少包括三项内容：时间、地点、活动内容。便条一般有留言条，请假条。特点是：格式简单，开门见山，三言两语。（6）其它除上述常见文体外，还有补全对话，电话对话，寻物启事等。学生要掌握上述文体格式，尤其是考试常用文体，如书信、日记、通知、记叙文、留言条等。在了解和掌握了以上几种主要写作体裁之后，学生在对待写作时，就不会有无从下手的感觉了。附页范文可供学生参考。（二）朗读为基，听说领先，形式多样，培养语感按照中小学英语教学大纲的要求，“听说读写”是中学英语教学目的所在，而英语的写作训练是综合能力的训练之一，也是其中的难点。但是单单加强“写”的训练是远远不够的，英语的听说读写是相互影响、相互作用的有机统一体。我国英语界前辈在其专著英语写作(The Writing of English)中谈到解决中国学生用英语写作的困难时写到：“You ought to read very carefully. Not only very carefully，but also aloud，and that again and again till you know the passage by heart and write it as if it were your own.”这再清楚不过地说明了熟读成诵对写作是多么重要。因此，无论在课堂上还是在课后，教师都要为学生创造多读的机会，鼓励学生开口大声朗读，并在日常的教学中注重写作训练形式的多样化。在此基础上，写作训练应与阅读教学、听说训练相结合。结合教材中所提供的听说训练素材，在课堂教学中，教师应注意创设多种交际情景，采用多种教学方式增加学生之间、师生之间的对话与交流，使学生有更多训练听说的机会，如看图说话、复述课文、讲述故事、伙伴对话、表演对话和短剧、小组讨论、阐述观点等等均可以促进学生口头表达能力的提高。在口头表达后，再让学生做书面表达，进行写作训练，落实和提高学生的书面表达能力。（附页中的各种写作体裁范文，特别是例4、例 5、例6均可在进行在口头表达之后再让学生做书面表达）同样，进行听力练习后，采用写的方式巩固听的学习效果，听与写结合可促进学生书面表达能力的提高。我们在听力课上，学生做完听力练习之后，让他们以此练习作为线索复述听力材料，有时还让他们将听到的内容写在作文本上。这样可以有效地把听、说与写作结合起来，促进学生书面表达能力的提高。（三）熟悉体裁，掌握格式，认真审题，确定主干英语写作中，主要有以下几种体裁的文章格式：记述文、说明文、日记、书信、通知、便条和其它。每一种体裁都有其表达要求，学生应认真审题，确定主干，开展写作。所谓文章的“主干”，无非是两点：文章的主要时态；文章内容的侧重点，即要围绕主题。教师应作具体指导，以便学生掌握。（四）点面过渡，线面融合，循序渐进，尝试体验校本课程工作案例 二经常有意识地作一些比较训练就是很好的方法，也就是让学生在不同阶段写相似的话题。这样的练习不是简单的重复，而是一种在原来的基础上不断提高的重复。同样一个话题，可以有不断的丰富和提高的过程。这些有意识的对比训练会让学生清楚地看到自己的进步，看到自己驾御英语的能力越来越强，看到自己的写作能力、写作水平正在一步一个台阶地向前迈进。所以我认为在写作教学中，绝不能只要结果不要过程，也就是说那种平时不注重培养，考前突击培训的思想要坚决摈弃，这样才能真正培养能力。2另外，为了提高写作教学效果，我依照循序渐进的教学原则，贯穿日常教学，尝试了“词、句、篇”三步曲的写作教学。（1）巧记单词按照语言学习规律，英语写作教学的次序应是：词句篇。“词”是基础，“句”是过度或桥梁，“篇”是目的。整个训练遵循“词不离句，句不离篇”的原则，由易到难，由简到繁，循序渐进，不断提高。这三个阶段彼此衔接，教会学生在大量的语言实践中学会运用词句，从而达到在书面表达教学中“教、学、用”三者的统一。书面表达需要一定的词汇量，学生书面表达时容易忘记单词或把汉英词汇等同起来。因此，要求学生坚持每天听写、默写、循环记忆单词，掌握巩固词汇。还要求学生给出与单词有关的同义、近义、反义和词形相似的词，使词汇量得到最大限度的复现。（2）用词造句、连词成句写作应从词句练起，记忆所学的词和词组的最好方法是在使用中记忆。通过口、笔头造句练习，模仿课本例句或做替换练习是巩固记忆的好方法。教师应重视教材中的单句练习，引导学生从对单个句型的掌握，逐渐过渡到多种句型的混用，直到学生能连贯自如地表达思想。一句多译，句型转换，是书面表达能力的关键，教师应注意英汉结构比较，减少汉语式表达错误，教师可通过错误句型之辨析、归纳和总结，帮助学生提高遣词造句的能力。（3）连句成意、线面融合此项训练的主要目的是培养学生把语法项目、教材内容和文章体裁有机结合起来的能力。一、教学时做到“点，面”过渡，培养学生写句的能力 任何语言都有内在联系。英语也不例外，这种联系无非就是：词词组句子。许多学生无从下笔，其根本原因之一就是词汇贫乏，词组不认识，而且英汉的表达方法存在很大的差异，因此，这样的学生要写句子真是心有余而力不足。要攻克这一难点，教师一方面要加强学生对记单词的监督：另一方面在单词教学时要注意“点，面”过渡，来帮助学生记住单词，理解词组，学写句子。如教师在教学bridge这个单词时，可向学生展示南浦大桥的相片，已引起学生学习的兴趣，同时由单词词组向写句子过渡。（“全世界最长的桥”-“全世界最长的桥之一”-“南浦大桥是全世界最长的桥之一”）就这样在平时教学中注意“点，面”过渡，层层深入，通过不断的积累，学生慢慢地就不会再惧怕写句子，英语写作也能更规范更符合英美人的表达习惯。二、增强朗读训练，培养学生语感 按照中小学英语教学大纲的要求，“听说读写”是中学英语教学目的所在，而英语的写作训练是综合能力的训练之一，也是其中的难点。但是单单加强“写”的训练是远远不够的，英语的听说读写是相互影响、相互作用的有机统一体。我国英语界老前辈在其专著英语写作(The Writing of English)中谈到解决中国学生用英语写作的困难时说：“You ought to read very carefully. Not only very carefully，but also aloud，and that again and again till you know the passage by heart and write it as if it were your own.”这再清楚不过地说明了熟读成诵对写作是多么重要。因此，由于平时的语言运用环境有限，无论在课堂上还是在课后，教师都要为学生创造多读的机会，鼓励学生开口大声朗读。三、从仿写作文开始，不断提高英语写作能力 写作就像盖房子一样，有了材料，要把这些材料以一定的形式堆放在一起才能形成房屋。如何把句子组合到一起，就成了写作成败的关键所在。要想解决这一问题，教师必须由浅入深、由易到难、循序渐进、一环紧扣一环地进行训练，可以先从仿写作文开始。如在教学Schools in China一文写作时，可从单词，词组的复习入手，为学生下一步的写作罗列出会用到的一些词组。然后，通过对知识点的复习加深学生对句型的印象，以防止中式英语句子的出现。接着，让学生就课文内容完成表格Schools in the U.S.A.，并引导学生完成表格Schools in China，通过对表格Schools in China的复述，达到帮助学生理清全文思路的目的。最后要求学生完成Schools in China一文。通过这一系列练习的层层深入，绝大多数学生都能完成本文的校本课程案例三记叙文写作记叙文是记人叙事的文章，它主要是用于说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果，即我们通常所说的五个 W （ what, who, when, where, why ）和一个 H （ how ）。记叙文的重点在于述说和描写，因此一篇好的记叙文要叙述条理清楚，描写生动形象。下面就谈谈英语记叙文的特点和写好记叙文的基本要领。 一、记叙文的特点 1. 叙述的人称 英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过我来传达给读者，使人读后感到真实可信，如身临其境。如: The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it. 用第三人称叙述，优点在于叙述者不受我活动范围以内的人和事物的限制，而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者，直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前，文章的客观性很强。如: Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea. 2. 动词的时态 在记叙文中，记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高，且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的，这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化，正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。 3. 叙述的顺序 记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙，都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作，较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙，读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果，让所叙之事跌宕起伏，使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃，从而为文章所吸引，深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当，则容易弄巧成拙，使文章结构散乱，头绪不清，让读者不知所云。 4. 叙述的过渡 过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如: In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunriseThe next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright. What a moving and unforgettable scene! 5. 叙述与对话 引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述，可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态，使记叙生动、有趣，使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果: I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released. 这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字，但经作者这么一写，就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式，没有人物语言，把悬念给冲淡了。可作如下调整: I was in the kitchen cooking something. Crash! a loud noise came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, Who? No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. Its you. I said, quite released. 二、写好记叙文的基本要领 1. 头绪分明，脉络清楚 写好记叙文，首先要头绪分明，脉络清楚，明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析，弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程，然后再收集选 校本课程案例四写作练习1.请用所给词的正确形式完成下文Its seven oclock on the morning of June 1st. Tom 1（get）up. He 2（put）on his clothes and his shoes. He 3（go）to the zoo with his classmates and his teachers. His mother 4 (be) busy 5（cook）breakfast for him. His father 6（prepare）for his trip. He 7（put）some food, some fruit and a bottle of water into his sons bag now.2 .Peter 是加拿大留学生，他在课堂上听不懂老师用汉语讲课。假如你是李英，请给他写封e-mail，简单介绍你学习英语的方法和体会，并针对他的困难提出两至三条学习汉语的建议。提示词语：study with a group, think, help, listen to, watch 注意事项:词数不少于60字。 提示词语仅供选用。文中不得写出自己的真实姓名和所在班级Dear Peter,Im sorry to hear that you have some trouble learning Chinese. I have some ideas that may help. For example, I always improve my English by studying with a group. Sometimes I also read aloud to practice my pronunciation. However, I think the best way is to watch English movies, because I can watch the actors say the words.Learning Chinese is about the same. If I were you, Id watch Chinese movies. Also you can listen to tapes as much as possible or join a Chinese club to talk to your friends.I hope you will have fun learning Chinese. Good luck!Love,Li Ying 3. 每个人都有自己的喜好。请你从课余生活方面，谈谈你最喜欢什么和原因;你又有什么设想或打算？以及你将具体如何准备呢？After school, I like playing with small animals. Dogs make the best pets. Theyre loyal to people. In the future, I want to be a vet (an animal doctor) so that I can put my interest to good use. Its all Ive ever wanted to be.How can I make my dream come true? First, Ill keep a dog in my house and look after her carefully. In my spare time, Ill take her for walks, clean her bed, wash her bowl, and train her. Life with her must be perfect. From now on, Ill surely study harder to know more about animals.4. 每个人都有自己的喜好。请你从课内学科方面，谈谈你最喜欢的科目是什么,为什么？有什么设想或打算？你又将如何准备呢？ I learn many subjects at school. I like English best because its interesting and easy. In the future, I want to be an English reporter, so that I can put my interest to good use. How can I make my dream come true? Ill surely study harder. First, Im going to read more English magazines to improve my English reading skills. Besides, English clubs are good places to improve my spoken English, so Ill join one and practice every day. In a word, Ill try my best to make progress in English. 5. 临近初三毕业，你的生活一定是紧张而快乐的，请以My School Day为话题，写下你初中的生活中经典的一天，并写下你对初中生活的感言。提示词语：busy, happy, help, homework, futureMy School DayIll say bye to my school soon, so these days Im pretty busy with my preparation work. Every morning I am up running for exercise. I need to stay healthy to get a good grade in the coming PE test. After a quick breakfast, I have 5 classes. English is my best subject, so I can read English novels. Lunchtime is very welcome. My classmates and I can talk happily or tell jokes to each other. Sometimes there is more likely to be another dessert on the table. Unluckily, I have to take exams after class. Homework spoils every night, and I often fall asleep with my books open. I am anxious to finish the high school entrance examination as soon as possible!Tired but happy, I still like my school life, a mixture of study and fun. I do hope I will have a glorious future through hard work.6. 英文报正在举办 “Helping”为主题的征文活动，请你通过自己的一次亲身经历，谈谈你的感受，说明 “帮助” 的意义。提示词： be good at, find, with ones help, realize, ask sb. to do, Helping Everyone needs help and Ive learned a lot from it. I was not good at math in the beginning. Months ago, my teacher asked me to help my classmate Mike with his math. Before helping him I felt a little nervous, so I went over the textbook again and again, and did lots of exercises. To my surprise, I could even work out some difficult problems that I couldnt understand before. With my help, Mike made great progress in math, too. From this experience, not only did I help him out of his trouble, but I also improved my own math. I have realized that helping others is good for everyone.7.寒假到了，学校志愿服务组正在招募志愿者，活动地点有：an old peoples home, a city park, the Childrens Hospital, an after-school care center, an animal hospital。假如你是李明，请你写一封自荐信。内容包括：1、选择两个活动地点并说明你能做什么。2、你能参加此次活动所具备的条件（如：你的爱好，特长，性格特点和可能参加的时间等）3、对参加此次活动的看法。(注意：字数不少于60字参考词汇：be interested in, sing, outgoing, spend, think )Dear Sir, I am Li Ming，a student from Class Five, Grade Nine. _If you want to give me this chance, please call me at 5555-8765.Li MingDear Sir, I am Li Ming, a student from Class Five, Grade Nine. I want to join your volunteer group this winter vacation. Id like to visit the nursing home on Sundays and sing for the people there. I am a caring boy with an interest in music, so it would make all of us happy. Going to an animal hospital is also of interest to me to put my love of animal to good use. I will be happy to spend several hours working there every week. I believe I can not only help others, but also do what I enjoy by volunteering. If you would like me to have a chance, please call me at 5555-8765Li Ming8. 一家英文报社正在开展题为 “He / She Gives me the Greatest Help”的征文活动，请你投稿，谈谈他或她是怎样帮助你的，你取得了哪些进步，你有什么感想或受到了哪些教育。注意：请不要写出真实的校名和姓名。提示词语：grow up, learn, take care of, understand, love, thinkMum gives me the greatest help. She is quite different from other mothers. She tries to find mistakes in everything I do and leaves more and more work to me. As I grow up, I have become better and better at my lessons and learned to do more and more housework. Im sure I can take care of everything I will meet. Now, I really understand mums love. I think its important for everyone to stand on his own feet. 9 请以Changes to my hometown 为题，根据下列要点提示，通过过去与现在的比较，写一篇80词左右的短文。In the pastAt presentEnvironmentNatural and beautifulClean rivers and lakesFresh airModernMany tall buildingsNew roadsTransportOn foot or by bikeBy bus/taxi/car.Living conditionsSmall old housesLarge, new flats Changes to my hometownGreat changes have taken place in my hometown over the years. In the past, the environment here was natural and beautiful. The rivers and lakes were clean and the air was fresh. People went to work on foot or by bike. They lived in small, old houses.Now the small village has turned into a modern town. You can see many tall buildings and new roads in the town. People can go out in many ways, such as by bus, taxi, train and car. A lot of people have moved into large, new flats.Last summer holiday, my classmates and I had a trip to Yangzhou.We arrived there by train at 10:00pm on July 30. The next day, we visited Lean West lake and it was very beautiful. We took many photos when we e