英语专业必备胡壮麟语言学习知识记录材料汇总.doc
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1、.Chapter 1 Invitations to linguistics1.2 what is languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human communication1.3 design features of languagearbitrariness: there is no connection between the words; sound and its meaningduality: the property of having two levels of structurescreativ
2、ity(productivity): users can produce sentences they have never heard before. Its potential to create endless sentences by recursiveness.displacement: language can be used to refer to the context removed from the immediate situation of the speakers.cultural transmission: language is passed o through
3、teaching and learning , rather than by instinct.1.4 origin of languageThe bow-wow theory: imitate the sounds of animalThe pooh-pooh theory: instinctive sounds of joy, ager and painThe yo-he-ho theory: rhythmic grunts produced when working1.5 functions of language1.5.1 the main functions of language:
4、Descriptive functions: cognitive or referential or propositional function. Primary function of language. , to convey factual informationExpressive function: emotive or attitudinal function, supplies users feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values.Social function: interpersonal function, serves t
5、o establish and maintain social relations between people1.5.2 according to Jakobson:Emotive: addresser 表达情感Conative: addressee 导致动作的发生Referential: context描述客观事实Poetic: message语言本身的美Phatic communication: contact建立社会关系Metalinguistic: code make clear the meaning of language itself1.5.3 according to Hal
6、liday this system contains three macrofunctionsIdeational: to organize the speaker or writers experience of the real or imaginary world. 达意功能指组织说话者或作者现实或虚伪世界的体验,即语言指称实际或虚伪的人,物,动作,事件,状态等Interpersonal: to indicate, establish or maintain social relationships between people.人际功能表明,建立,或维持人与人之间的社会关系,包括称谓形
7、式,情感,语言功能等。Textual function: to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.组篇功能指组成书面或或口头的语篇,这些语篇内部连贯,并适用于所用的特定场景。1.6 what is linguistics:The scientific study of language1.9 important distinctions
8、in linguisticsDescriptive:aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use . describe how things arePrescriptive: 规范性aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language, to tell people what they should say and what they should not saySynchronic: the description of
9、 a language at some point of time Diachronic: the description of a language at a period of time Speech:is prior to writing , and it plays a more important role in terms of informationWriting: should be taught and learned in schoolsLangue: an abstract linguistic system shared by all members of speech
10、 communityParole: the realization of langue in actual useCompetence:the ideal userss knowledge of his rules of his languagePerformance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Traditional grammar: is prescriptive and tend to emphasize the importance of written wordModern
11、 grammar: descriptive, regard spoken language as primary, not the written.Chapter 2 Speech soundsPhonetics: the study of speech sounds, the production, transmission and perception of speech sounds.Phonology: it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are u
12、sed to convey meaning in linguistic communication. It studies sound patterns, how sounds are combined together.The study od speech sounds is divided into three main areas,each dealing with one part of the process.1).Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds.发音语音学2).Acousti
13、c phonetics: the study of the physical properties of speech sounds声学语音学3).Perceptual or auditory phonetics: is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.听觉语音学2.3 phone, phoneme, allophonePhone: is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds that we hear and produce during linguistic communica
14、tion are all phones. Individual sounds as they occur in speech.Phoneme:the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words. is a phonological unit; it is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain ph
15、onetic context.Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme. the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called allophone 2.4 consonantsConsonants: are speech sounds where obstruction of airstream is blocked somewhere in the mouth or throat to diffe
16、rent degrees, voiced or voiceless.Vowels: are speech sounds which the airstream from the lungs is not blocked in any way in the mouth or throat, and which is usually pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords, too. no obstruction, voiced2.5 suprasegmental featuresThe phonetic features that occur a
17、bove the level of the segments are called suprasegmental featuresSyllable: a unit in speech which is often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word.The syllable structureStress: it refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable1) at the word level: the location of stress in en
18、glish distinguishes meaning2) At the sentence level: the relative force given to the components of a sentence.Tone: pitch variation, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.Intonation: when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word i
19、n isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.补充:1.Sequential rules: the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language2.phonemic contrast: if they are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonetic contrast单个音的关系,属于不同的phoneme Complementary distribution: th
20、e allophones are said to be in complementary distribution变体之间是互补的关系Minimal pair:音串 eg: kill till bill willChapter 3 Lexicon 词典3.1.3 closed-class words and open-class wordsClosed-class : is one whose membership is fixed or limited, such as pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles and others.Ope
21、n-class: is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited.3.2 the formation of word3.2.1 morpheme and morphologyMorpheme : the minimal units of meaning. A morpheme cannot be divided without altering or destroying its meaning.Morphology: the part of he grammar that is concerned with word
22、 formation and word structure. The systematic study of morpheme3.2.2 types of morpheme1) free morpheme: a morpheme which can be a word by itself Bound morpheme: a morpheme that must be attached to another one2)root: the base form of a word that cannot be further be analyzed without destroying its me
23、aning. 词根 Affix: a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem), so affix is naturally bound. 词缀 Stem: is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. 3)inflectional affix(inflectional morphem
24、e): 屈折词素 less productive than derivational morpheme , they serve to produce different forms of a single lexeme词位, such as friends, boys; do not change the word class of the word they attach to; are mostly suffixes, which are always word final, 给的单词添加词缀或根据语言的语法规则以其他方式改变词形的过程,the process of adding an
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