景观规划设计方法外文文献翻译2022年3000字.docx
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1、景观规划设计方法外文文献翻译2022年3000字 文献出处:von Haaren C, Warren-Kretzschmar B, Milos C, et al. Opportunities for design approaches in landscape planningJ. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2022, 130: 159-170. 原文 Opportunities for design approaches in landscape planning Christina von Haaren, Bartlett Warren-Kretzschm
2、ar Christina Milos,Christian Werthmann Abstract In the discipline of landscape architecture (LA) a divergence of the “planning” and the “design” cultures is not a new phenomenon. This divergence of planning and design may potentially expand the range of possible methodological and ethical approaches
3、 in LA. However, theory is lacking about the nature of these approaches and how to apply and merge them in planning situations. Thus the objective of this investigation was to better understand these cultures and the reasons for different approaches in order to identify possibilities for extending t
4、he methodological approach of landscape planning. The findings are based on an analysis of the theoretical and methodological literature of planning and design. The findings indicate that the distinction between the terms landscape architecture, design and planning are increasingly blurred. However,
5、 different contexts and tasks as well as the dominance of specific characteristics of values, methods and processes in the two cultures are obvious. Different tasks and application contexts apparently lead to different planning and design cultures. Nevertheless, within the planning context we can id
6、entify design opportunities that have the characteristics of a design situation. These design situations could be the starting point for using design approaches in planning more systematically. The expected added value of integrating design culture into planning may be improved communication and und
7、erstanding of the fundamental planning objectives. Whether these expectations will be fulfilled must be pursued in future research. Keywords:Landscape planning; Landscape design; Landscape architecture; Theory; Values; Approaches 1. Introduction As faculty in Landscape Architecture and Environmental
8、 Planning, we are often confronted with questions from students about the divide of planning and design within the discipline, which they perceive during their education. Their comments echo the longstanding debate about how planning and design are related and question the tendency to gravitate or s
9、pecialize in one area or the other. In this discussion, planning usually represents the more scientific, environmentally-focused and policy-based approaches in their course work and design stands for the artistic, creative experience (e.g. H?fer, 2022 and Ogrin, 2022: 63). Richard Stiles (1994) stat
10、ed that “landscape design and landscape planning are, at least superficially, very different in nature, dealing not just with different scales of landscape and different types of intervention, but often with different types of client with different motivations and even apparently stressing different
11、 methodological approaches”. This divergence is also reflected in many universities (Maru?i?, 2022) where two separate programmes for the Bachelor are offered. The discussion of this dichotomy is not new, regardless of the terms used to describe the two sides (Gobster & Xiang, 2022: 290). Even if th
12、is discussion may have focused on the European situation (Drozdov, 2022, H?fer, 2022, Maru?i?,2022, Ogrin, 1994, Ogrin, 2022 and Stiles, 1994), it remains relevant to students and to the discipline also in other parts of the world. Furthermore, the discussion hinges on the theory and the conceptual
13、base of the landscape design and planning profession. Even in countries like the US, where the term design is used in a much broader sense (Gobster & Xiang, 2022) and design approaches appear to be present in planning (Nassauer & Opdam, 2022), there is little theory about the nature and relationship
14、 of landscape design and planning approaches and when and how they can be integrated. In fact some authors, such as Steinitz (2022), are merging planning and design techniques. Also in practice a distinction of two approaches may not be discernable, and many landscape architects may intuitively use
15、different approaches. However, a method or systematic framework for deciding when and how different approaches are appropriate in a planning context is missing. A framework for identifying such situations could expand the methodological approaches of the planning process. The purpose for landscape p
16、lanning would be to reduce a stated implementation deficit in planning (Ltz and Bastian, 2022 and Richards et al., 2022) by an improved communication of the objectives. Whether such expected effects of design features in planning will occur, cannot be answered in this paper but remains an issue of f
17、urther research. To this end the article starts with a description of the method, followed by a section in which we explore how “landscape design” (LD) and “landscape planning” (LP) can be characterised and differentiated based on a review of literature about landscape planning and design. After ide
18、ntifying typical tasks and situation-related characteristics of LD and LP, we present a framework for identifying situations in LP that could benefit from a design approach and give examples of such situations. 2. Method Methodologically, the paper draws on a literature review of landscape design an
19、d planning theory. The literature analysis was structured by the following question: which characteristics of LP and LD are mentioned in the literature with respect to: context (task, application, and implementation) and culture (underlying values and processes)? (proposed by Levin-Keitel & Sonderma
20、nn, 2022) The analysis identified characteristic properties that were found predominantly in either LD or LP but not in both. The purpose was to identify approaches that were absent in each culture and to understand the context in which they are used. In order to recognise design approaches that can
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