2022年高三化学复习知识系统归纳 .pdf
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1、2010 年高三化学复习知识系统归纳(Systematic summary of chemistry review in grade three of senior high school in 2010)Chemistry is easy to forget knowledge One, save 1) with liquid bromine: a thin layer of water then cover and airtight stored in low temperature. 2) hydrobromide: kept in plastic bottles. 3) new gre
2、en water: sealed with brown reagent bottle. 4) iodine: kept in a brown reagent bottle and placed in the dark. Two, the role of matter 1) chlorine: as disinfectant. 2): silver bromide film, photographic paper 3) AgI: artificial rainfall 4) iodine: prevention of goiter 5) starch: to test the existence
3、 of iodine element 6) sodium hypochlorite: bleaching textiles Three, balance problems are easy to ignore 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 30 页1) nitrogen dioxide: the balance between the presence and the four nitrogen oxides 2) the equilibrium constant is only related to temperat
4、ure, and has nothing to do with the concentration and pressure. Four, we should pay attention to the A Vogadero constant 1) rare gases are monatomic molecules 2) gas should be used only 22.4 in the standard condition 3) three sulfur oxide, the standard condition is solid; benzene, toluene, carbon te
5、trachloride, hexane standard condition is liquid. 4) hydrolysis of iron ion, aluminum ion, ammonium ion, and ionization of weak electrolyte 5) white phosphorus P4, between phosphorus and phosphorus is the key six 6) some organic compounds have the same number of chemical bonds in isomers 7) Five, ma
6、tter and its chemical formula 1) fluorite -CaF2 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 30 页2) barite - BaSO4 3) quartz (optical fiber) -SiO2 4) gypsum - CaSO4? 2H2O 5) mature gypsum - 2CaSO4? H2O 6) brochantite (blue vitriol) - CuSO4 5H2O? 7) melanterite - FeSO4? 7H2O 8) alum - KAl (SO
7、4) 2? 12H2O 9) goslarite - ZnSO4 7H2O? 10) awn alum - NaSO4? 10H2O 11) soda - Na2CO3 12) bicarbonate of soda - NaHCO3 13) soda - Na2S2O3? 10H2O Six, metal 1) lightest lithium 2) the heaviest osmium 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 30 页3) lowest melting point mercury 4) the highes
8、t melting point tungsten 5) maximum hardness chromium 6) the content of aluminum is the most in the earth crust 7) the best conductivity is silver 8) ductility is best - gold Seven, element cycle 1) the number of mononuclear particles with the same number of protons, the larger the number of electro
9、ns, the larger the radius 2) atomic radius: the same ion in the electron layer decreases with the increase of atomic number. 3) semiconductor materials near the metal and nonmetal boundaries 4) pesticides in the top right of the periodic table of elements 5) the catalyst and the high temperature res
10、istant material, in the excessive element search Eight, crystal 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 30 页1) the stronger the ionic bond is, the higher the boiling point is 2) the electronegativity difference of BeCl2 and AlCl3: is less than 1.7, which is considered as covalent compou
11、nd 3) substances that can form hydrogen bonds: HF, H2O, NH3 4) crystals: solids with regular geometric shapes with fixed melting points 5) atomic crystals: structure space three-dimensional network structure; properties - high boiling point and high hardness; chemical formula is only the simplest ra
12、tio rather than the molecular formula 6) melting boiling point: atomic crystal ionic crystal molecular crystal (general law is not absolute) 7) the change of molecular crystal states only destroys the Fan Dehua force and does not destroy the chemical bond Nine, the bromine faded material 1) activate
13、d carbon adsorption 2) gasoline, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, - Extraction 3) silver nitrate - reaction 4) active metal, reductive inorganic - redox reaction 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 30 页5) reaction with alkaline substance 6) - substituted phenol 7) dilute hydrocarbon,
14、etc. - addition of Alkynes Ten, nitrogen fixation 1) concept: the process of transforming free nitrogen into compound nitrogen Eleven, easily liquefied gas 1) red litmus paper, only ammonia wet blue gas (test) 2) chlorine gas 3) sulfur dioxide Twelve, ion coexistence 1) the redox reaction between io
15、ns can not coexist: iron ion and iodide ion; iron ion and sulfur ion; ferrous ion and hydrogen ion meet nitrate ion 2) by ion double hydrolysis can coexist: aluminum ion and carbonate ion and bicarbonate ion or sulfur ions or partial aluminum ions iron ions and carbonate ions; Thirteen, ionization 精
16、选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 30 页1) the ionization and hydrolysis processes are endothermic, and the ionization degree increases with the increase of temperature 2) acid-base inhibition of water ionization 3) the dissociation of brine to promote the ionization of influent Four
17、teen, experimental instruments 1) capacity bottle: accurate to 0.01, commonly used specifications have 50ml, 100ml, 150ml, 250ml, 500ml, 1000ml (need to fill in such specifications) 2) burets: accurate to 0.01, common specifications are 25 ml, 50 ml. The solution should be washed 2-3 times before lo
18、ading 3) condensate pipe: the lower end of the water inlet, the upper end of the water, the direction of flow and the direction of steam in the pipe opposite. 4) glass rod: stir or transfer liquid, dip in a small amount of liquid 5) Kai Pu generator: to produce CO2, H2, H2S gas. Fifteen, three place
19、 using cotton regiment 1) when the solid solid heating device produces gas, the cotton 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 30 页mass is placed in the big test tube mouth to prevent the solid powder from entering the duct with the air flow, thus blocking the catheter 2) when the ammon
20、ia is produced in the laboratory, the cotton cluster is placed in the test tube or the gas cylinder mouth to collect ammonia, to prevent ammonia and air convection, and to ensure the purity of ammonia gas collection 3) when large tubes were used for acetylene production in the laboratory, the cotton
21、 balls were placed in the big test tube mouth to prevent the foam from producing into the catheter. 4) without pure NO2 gas, 3.2g Cu reacts with sufficient concentrated nitric acid to produce gas which is always less than 0.1mol 5) there is a chemical bond in any crystal. This is not true,.Eg: rare
22、gas 6) assuming that there is a solution of pH=10, the ionization of water may be promoted or inhibited 7) the ionic crystal changes in state and the ionic bond must be destroyed 8) the pH value of water at normal temperature is equal to 7, the higher the temperature, the smaller the pH value, the g
23、reater the Kw Systematic summary of chemistry review in grade three of senior 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 30 页high school in 2010 First, important basic concepts and terminology: Three. Some laws 1. law of conservation of mass 1) content: the total mass of the substances inv
24、olved in the chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the substances produced by the reaction. 2) the reason is that atoms are the smallest particles in chemical changes and cannot be subdivided in chemical changes. Therefore, before and after chemical changes, the species of atoms are consta
25、nt, the number is constant, the mass is constant, and the mass is conserved before and after the reaction. 3) application: (1) using the law of conservation of mass for simple calculation. (2) writing and balancing chemical equations. (3) infer the composition and chemical formula of matter 2. A Vog
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