八年级英语语法归纳整编汇总.doc

* 八年级英语语法归纳整理(下册) Topic1 　　一. 重点词汇 　　( 一 ) 词形转换: 　　1.discuss(名词) discussion 2.queen(对应词) king 　　3.comfortable(名词) comfort 4.safely (形容词) safe (名词) safety 　　( 二 ) 词的辨析 　　1. find out / look for / find 2. cost / pay for / spend on 　　3. other /else 4. raise /rise 　　5.each /every 6.exciting / excited 　　(三)重点词组: 　　1.go on a visit to 去……旅行 　　2. make the decision 做决定 　　3.bring back 带回 　　4.go on a field trip 去野外旅行 　　5.decide on (upon) sth 对某事做出决定 　　6 see the sunrise 看日出 　　7. make a reservation 预订 　　8. come up with 想出(主意) 　　9. look forward to (doing) sth 期望 　　10. pay for 支付;赔偿 　　11. raise money 筹钱 　　12. book a ticket 订票 　　13. make a room for sb 为……订房间 　　14. have a wonderful time 玩得愉快 　　15. in the daytime 在白天 　　16. a two-day visit 为期两天的旅行 　　17.find out 查出 　　18. some places of interest 名胜 　　19. rooms with bathtub 带浴室的房间 　　20.a hard (soft) sleeper 硬(软)卧 　　21.my pleasure 不客气 二.重点句型及重点语言点 　　1. I have some exciting news to tell you. 我有一些激动人心的消息要告诉你们。 　　to tell you 是动词不定式短语， 作定语。动词不定式作定语时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： I have nothing to talk about. He has a lot of work to do. 　　2. Sounds great!= It sounds great! 听起来不错。 　　3. We will go on a two-day visit to Mount Tai. 我们将要去泰山玩两天。 　　go on a visit to 去参观/旅游 They went to a visit to Egypt last year. 　　类似有：go on a trip / go on a picnic 　　a two-day visit 为期两天的旅行 a two-month holiday 两个月的假期 　　an eighteen-year-old boy 一个18岁的男孩 　　4.It’s hard to say. 这很难说。To say 是动词不定式作主语，It 是形式主语。 　　如： It’s nice to meet you. 　　5. I’ll ask the airline on the phone. 我将打电话问问航空公司。同义句是： 　　I’ll phone and ask the airline. 　　6. Bring back your information to class tomorrow and we’ll decide on the best way to go on our field trip. 明天把你们查到的信息带到班上来，然后我们来决定最好的郊游方式。 　　bring back 带回。Please bring back your library books tomorrow. 　　decide on/upon sth 决定，选定 We’re trying to decide on a school. 　　7.It’s too far for cycling. 骑自行车去路太远了。同义句是：It’ too far to cycle there. 　　8.How long does it take to reach Mount Tai by…?乘……去泰山要花多长时间? 　　9.How much does it cost to go there ?去那里要花多少钱? 　　How much does a standard room cost ? 一个标准间的价格是多少? 　　10.We have tickets at 120 yuan for the hard sleeper and 180 yuan for the soft sleeper. 　　我们的票价是硬卧120元，软卧是180元。 　　at 意为“以……”，一般用于表示价格，年龄，速度等词的前面，for 意为“供，适合于”。I’ve got tickets at 80 yuan for The Sound of Music. 　　11.I’d like to book 20 tickets for the hard sleeper. 我要预订20张硬卧票。 　　20 tickets for the hard sleeper= 20 hard sleeper tickets 　　book tickets 预订票 book a room for sb/sth 为……预订房间 　　e.g. We want to book some rooms for 14th. 我们想预订一些14号的房间。 　　12.Please pay for the tickets before 5:30 p.m. 请在下午5：30之前付款。 　　Pay for 支付 pay for sb to do sth 付钱给某人做某事 　　e.g. Her parents paid for her to go to America.她的父母支付她去美国的费用. 　　13. I want to make a hotel reservation. 我想预订房间。 　　make a reservation 预订 　　14. We have rooms with a bathtub… 我们有带浴缸……的房间。 　　with 有或带着 a house with a swimming pool 　　a standard room with two single beds 　　15.It’s very common to raise money in Canadian and American schools. 在加拿大和美国的学校里筹钱是很正常的。raise money 筹钱 We can raise the money ourselves. 　　16.It costs each student one dollar to buy a ticket for the draw.每一个学生花一美元便可买到一张抽奖的票。 　　(1)each 作主语，谓语用单数 Each of the students spends one dollar buying a ticket.. (2)用于单数名词前，作定语，谓语用单数。Each student has their own e-mail address. 　　(3)用于复数主语后，作主语同位语，谓语用复数。They each have their own e-mail address. 　　17. I am looking forward to hearing from you . 我盼望收到你的来信。 　　Look forward to 盼望，期待 They are looking forward to solving the problem. 　　三.重点语法 　　动词不定式 　　(1) 动词不定式常跟这些及物动词之后，want ,refuse, forget, need , try, learn , like, agree, help, hope ,decide, begin等。可用顺口溜(要想拒绝忘记，需要努力学习，喜欢同意帮助，希望决定开始) 　　(2) 不定式的否定形式是在to的前面直接加not. My mother decided not to buy a computer for me. 　　(3) 不定式可以和疑问词who , which ,when, where ,how, what等连用。 Can you tell me what to say at the meeting ? I don’t know how to get to the station. 　　(4) 本topic出现的句子有： 　　I have some exciting news to tell you. 　　I want to make a hotel reservation. 　　It is very common to raise money in Canadian and American schools. 　　The best way to raise money is to sell newspapers. 　　I think the most exciting way is to sell flowers in the evening. 　　Kangkang helped us to book the train tickets. Topic2 　　一、重点词汇： 　　(一)词形转换： 　　1.explore(名词) explore 2. east (形容词) eastern 　　3.north(形容词) northern 4. push (反义词) pull 　　5.sadly(形容词) sad (名词) sadness 6. crowd (形容词) crowded 　　(二)重点词组: 　　1.make a plan 拟定计划 　　2. make sure 确信，确保 　　3. come along with 和……一起来 　　4. at the foot of 在……的脚下 　　5. be surprised at 对……感到惊奇 　　6. be satisfied with 对……感到满意 　　7. out of sight 看不见 　　8. step on one’s toes 踩着某人的脚 　　9. can’t help doing sth 忍不住做某事 　　10. spread over 分布于 　　11.rush out 冲出去 　　12.raise one’s head 抬头 　　13.ask sb for help 向某人求助 　　14.thank goodness 谢天谢地 二. 重点句型及重点语言点 　　1. While you were enjoying your trip, I was busy preparing for my exams.当你在旅行时， 我正忙于准备考试。 　　(1)be busy doing sth,/ be busy with sth 忙于做某事 　　I’m busy preparing for my birthday party these days. 　　(2)while 当……时候，引导时间状语从句。当一个动作在正在进行时，另一个动作也同时进行。While my mother was cooking , I was watching TV. 　　2.Would you help me plan a trip ? 请你帮我定个旅行计划好吗? 　　Would you 比will you 语气更加客气，委婉, 类似还有could you 　　Could you come along with us ? 　　3. They surveyed the area to make sure their tombs faced south and had mountains at the back. 他们仔细勘测了整个区域，确保这些陵墓是坐北朝南，而且在背后有群山环绕。 　　make sure 确信，确保 Make sure all the windows are closed before you leave. 　　4.It’s about two and a half hours by bike. 骑自行车大约要2个半小时。 　　Two and a half hours = two hours and a half 　　5.It’s to the east of Yongling. 它在永陵的东面。 　　to the +方位词+of (表示互不接壤) Japan is to the east of China. 　　on the +方位词+of (表示相互接壤)Fujian is on the south of Zhejang . 　　in the +方位词+of 表示在某一范围内的地区 Beijing is in the north of China. 　　6.They walked into Dingling and were surprised at the wonders. 他们走进定陵，对那里的奇观感到很惊奇。 　　be surprised at 对……感到很惊奇 He is surprised at dragons. 　　be surprised to do sth 惊奇地做某事 She was surprised to find she was lost. 　　7.…so they had to look for space to park their bikes 他们不得不寻找停自行车的地方 　　space 空间 Can you make space for this old man ? 　　8. While the crowd was pushing him in different directions, someone stepped on his toes. 　　当人群从四面八方挤来时，有人踩了他的脚。 　　in one’s direction 朝着某人的方向 step on one’s toes踩了某人的脚 　　step on sth 踩某物 Don’t step on the flowers and grass. 　　9.When he finally rushed out of the crowd, he noticed his friends were both out of sight. 　　当他最后冲出人群时，他注意到他的两个朋友都不见了。 　　notice sb do sth 注意某人做了某事 notice sb doing sth注意某人正在做某事 　　10. As soon as the three boys saw each other, they all jumped up happily. 　　三个男孩一见面，就高兴得跳了起来。 　　as soon as 引导时间状语从句 意为“一……就” 　　He left as soon as he heard the news. 　　I’ll tell him as soon as I see him. 　　11.He didn’t raise his head until someone called his name. 直到有人喊他的名字，他才抬起头。 not …until 直到……才 　　12.They were so lovely that we couldn’t help playing with them. 　　它们太可爱了，我们禁不住和它们一起玩。 　　can’t help doing sth 忍不住做某事 When I heard the funny news, I couldn’t help laughing. 　　13. I am satisfied with everything in China. 我对在中国的一切感到满意。] 　　be satisfied with 对……感到满意 He is satisfied with my work. 　　14.. We even asked the guard for help. 我们甚至向保安寻求帮助。 　　ask sb for help 向某人求助 The lost boy asked the police for help. 三.重点语法 时间状语从句 　　1。引导词： 　　(1) when, while , as 当……时候. when 后可跟短暂性动词也可跟延续性动词;while 后跟延续性动词;as 多用于口语，强调同一时间，或一前一后。 　　The students were talking in the classroom when the teacher came in. 　　= While the students were talking in the classroom , the teacher came in. 学生在教室里谈话时，老师进来了。 　　Mother always sings as she cooks dinner for us. 妈妈总是边给我们做饭边唱歌。 　　(2)not … until 直到……才，主句谓语动词常用短暂性动词。 　　I won’t leave here until the rain stops. 　　He didn’t sleep until his mother came back home. 　　(3) after 在……之后，before 在……之前，as soon as 一……就 　　I went to sleep after I finished my homework..= I finished my homework before I went to sleep. 　　As soon as the bell rings , the students will go into the classroom. 　　2. 时态 　　(1)当主句为一般过去时时，从句常用过去的某种时态。 　　While I was doing my homework , the telephone rang. 　　(2)当主句的时态为一般将来时， 从句用一般现在时。 　　I will call you as soon as I get to Beijing. 　　本topic出现的句子有： 　　1.While you were enjoying your trip, I was busy preparing for my exams. 　　2.He didn’t raise his head until someone called his name. 　　3.While the crowd was pushing him in different directions, someone stepped on his toes. 　　.4. As soon as the three boys saw each other, they all jumped up happily. 　　5.After they rode their bikes for two and a half hours, Kangkanf , Michael and Darren arrived at the Ming Tombs. 　　6.As they were exploring happily, the crowd became larger and larger. Topic3 　　一、重点词汇： 　　(一)词形转换： 　　1. death (动词) die (形容词 )dead 2 slow (副词) slowly 　　3.crossing(动词)cross 介词) across 4. success(动词)succeed (形容词successful 　　5.Pain (形容词) painful 6. lead (名词) leader 　　7.final (副词) finally 8impossible (反义词) possible 　　9 courage (动词) encourage 　　(二)重点词组: 　　1.Slow down 减速 　　2. run into 撞到 　　3. avoid doing sth 避免 防止做某事 　　4. warn sb to do sth 警告/提醒某人做某事 　　5. ride into 进入 跻身于 　　6 get used to (doing) 习惯于做某事 　　7. a sharp turn 急转弯 　　8. be popular with 受……的欢迎 　　9. get a fine 处以罚金 　　10. go on doing sth 继续做某事 　　11. the way to success 成功之路 　　12. obey the traffic rules 遵守交通规则 　　13.break the traffic rules 违反交通规则 　　14. be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事 　　15.be famous for 因……闻名 　　16. be in danger 处于危险中 　　17.after a while 一会儿 二. 重点句型及重点语言点 　　1.I think traffic in Beijing is crazy. 我认为北京的交通很拥堵。 　　traffic 是不可数名词 　　2. If people obey the traffic rules , there will be fewer accidents. 如果人们都遵守交通规则，交通事故将会减少。 　　If we break the traffic rules, it will be dangerous and we will get a fine.如果人们违反交通规则，将很危险，我们会受到处罚的。 　　这是if 引导条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。 　　3.I feel a little more confident. 我感到自信多了。 　　more confident 是比较级 　　4. It can help us save energy and avoid pollution. 这样可以节约能源以及避免空气污染。 avoid sth / doing sth 避免做某事 　　You should avoid making the mistake like that. 　　He ran into the wall to avoid hitting the truck. 　　5.Bicycles are popular with people. 自行车深受人们欢迎。 　　Be popular with 受……欢迎 　　6 It warns us to be more careful. Warn sb (not)to do sth 警告/提醒某人做某事 　　He warned her to keep silence. Warn sb about sth 提醒某人某事 　　7.Most people think bicycles are much safer than any other vehicle.大部分人认为自行车比其他交通工具要安全些。 　　8..However, his way to success didn’t go well. 然而，他的成功之路并非一帆风顺。 　　The way to success 成功之路 success in doing sth 在……成功 　　I didn’t have much success in finding a job. 我找工作没什么结果。 　　9.Like the other challenges in his life, Lance faced it head-on. 像面对生命中其他挑战一样，兰斯迎头面对。 　　10.It seems impossible to beat him. 打败他似乎是不可能的。 　　beat sb 打败某人 win a game /match/ a gold medal 　　It seems +adj+to do sth 做某事似乎…… 　　She always seems to be sad. 三.重点语法 条件状语从句 　　1.条件状语从句由if(如果)，unless(除非)等 引导的，谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来，主句用一般将来时。 　　主句 if从句 　　Will (must, should, may) 一般现在时 　　如：I won’t go if he doesn’t go . 　　We will pass the exam if we study hard. 　　We won’t pass the exam unless we study hard.. 　　2. 祈使句+and/or 引导的结果句，祈使句在意义上相当于条件状语从句。 　　如：Hurry up, or you’ll be late.= If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.=You’ll be late unless you hurry up. 　　Study hard, and you will pass the exam.= If you study hard, you will pass the exam 八年级下册英语期中复习总结指导(上) 二、难点解析 　　1. look 　　(1)look在此句中用作连系动词,意为“看起来”。 　　1)后跟形容词。如： 　　You look well/fine/healthy. 你看起来很健康。 　　The teacher looks happy. 老师看上去很高兴。 　　She looks pale. 她面色苍白。 　　2)后跟过去分词。如： 　　You look tired; you’d better have a rest. 你看上去很累,你最好休息一下。 　　3)后跟名词。如： 　　He looks a nice, honest man. 他看上去是个诚实的好人。 　　4)后跟介词短语等。如： 　　He looks in good health. 他看来十分健康。 　　(2)用作不及物动词,意为“看,望,瞧”。 　　1)单独使用时,后不跟介词。如： 　　I looked but saw nothing. 我看了,但什么也没看见。 　　Look! Here comes the bus. 瞧!汽车来了。 　　Look before you leap. 三思而后行。 　　2)和at连用。如: 　　The teacher is looking seriously at us. 老师正严肃地看着我们。 　　Look at these pictures. How beautiful they are! 看这些画,它们是多么漂亮啊! 　　3)和其它某些介词或副词连用: 　　look after 照看，照料 　　look for 寻找 　　look around 四下环顾;到处寻找 　　look back on 回想，回顾 　　look down on 看不起 　　look forward to 盼望 　　look into 朝……里面看 　　look on...as 把某人看作 　　look out 当心 　　look over 仔细检查;翻阅 　　look through 浏览;仔细检查;看穿 　　look up 抬头看;查;找出 2. want 　　want　表示“想要”， 有以下用法： 　　①want+名词“想要某物” 　　I want a bottle of juice. 我想要一瓶果汁。 　　②want to do sth.“想要干某事” 　　He wants to go to a movie. 他想去看一部电影。 　　③want sb. To do sth.“想要某人干某事” 　　I want you to play with me. 我想要你和我一块玩。 　　3. be going to 　　(1)be going to 是一种固定结构，它后面要接动词原形，用来表示按计划或安排要发生的动作，有时也可以表示推测将要或肯定会发生的动作，有“准备;打算”的意思。含有be going to 结构的句子中往往有表示将来的时间状语。如： 　　We are going to have a class meeting this afternoon. 　　今天下午我们打算开班会。(安排) 　　Look at the black clouds. It’s going to rain. 　　看那些乌云，快要下雨了。(推测) 　　(2)be going to 在肯定句中的形式 　　be going to 结构中的助动词be很少用原形，它一般有三种形式，即：am , is , are。当主语是I时用am;当主语是第三人称单数时用is;当主语是其他人称时用are。如： 　　I am going to buy something tomorrow morning. 　　明天早上我要去买些东西。 　　She is going to see Mr. Wang this afternoon. 　　她打算今天下午去看望王先生。 　　(3)含be going to 的句子变否定句和一般疑问句的变法 　　由于句子中有助动词be，因此be going to 的否定句和一般疑问句的构成很容易，即在be (am, is, are) 的后面加上not 就构成了否定句;把be (am, is, are) 放到句首，在句末加问号就构成了一般疑问句，其答语为：Yes, 主语+ am/is/are. / No, 主语+ isn’t/aren’t. / No, I’m not.不过 I am... 在改为一般疑问句时常常改为“Are you ....?”。如： 　　They are going to see the car factory next week. (肯定句) 　　They are not going to see the car factory next week. (否定句) 　　—Are they going to see the car factory next week? 　　—Yes, they are. (No, they aren’t.) (一般疑问句及其回答) 　　(4)使用be going to 应注意的两点 　　①There be 句型的be going to 结构为：There is / are going to be... (注意句型中going to 后面的be不能改为have。) 常用来表示将有某事发生。如： 　　There is going to be a football match next Saturday in our school. 　　下周六我们学校将有一场足球比赛。 　　②come, go, leave, arrive等表示位置移动的动词常用现在进行时表示将要发生的动作，它们很少与be going to 结构连用。如： 　　Miss Sun is coming tonight. 　　今晚孙小姐要来。 4. be able to 　　be able to do 和can 的含义基本相同，但二者有一定的区别。 　　表示“能力”时，can常指现在，较be able to更常用;如果只表示能力时，两者都可用;但若表示过去的能力+特定行为时，则要用was/were able to;若指将来才具备的能力则只能用shall/will be able to表示。如： 　　I can/am able to swim. (现在时，二者皆可) 　　我会游泳。 　　The baby will be able to walk in a few weeks. (表示将来的能力，不能用can) 　　这个婴儿几周后将能走路。 　　5. sure 　　我相信李先生一定会感到惊讶和快乐。 　　sure 是形容词，意为“肯定的，当然的”。常用来回答一般疑问句，等于 Yes或Certainly。sure的用法： 　　(1)be sure+不定式。常用于祈使句，表示要求，意为“务必、请一定”。指外界的看法。如： 　　I think he’s coming, but I’m not quite sure. 　　我认为他就要来了，但我不是很肯定。 　　Be sure to telephone me and give me all the news. 　　务必打电话给我并告诉我所有消息。 　　(2)be sure+of或about。意为“相信，对……有把握”，后接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式。常用来表示“人对某事的看法”，指主观上的看法。如： 　　Are you sure of that meeting? 　　你相信那场会吗? 　　He is sure about this answer. 　　他对答案很有把握(胸有成竹)。 　　(3)be sure+从句。表示“某人对……有把握”。如： 　　I’m sure that he is coming to help me. 　　我相信他会来帮我的。 　　The teacher is sure that these books are interesting. 　　老师很有把握地说那些书非常有趣。 　　(4)make sure意为“务必、确信”，其后也可接of或about或动词不定式或that从句。如： 　　I made sure (that) he was badly ill. 　　我确信他病的很严重。 　　Will you make sure of his return? 　　你能确保他返回吗? 　　Make sure to come to the party on time. 　　务必准时到晚会来。 　　6. be popular with somebody 　　popular 形容词 流行的, 受欢迎的 　　a popular song 一支通俗歌曲 　　She is popular at school. 她在学