《英语修辞学》第十章ppt课件.ppt
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1、English Rhetoric Chapter Ten Semantic Figures of SpeechPage 2 10.1 Simile 10.2 Metaphor 10.3 Metonymy 10.4 Synecdoche 10.5 Antonomasia 10.6 Personification 10.7 Parody 仿拟仿拟/戏仿戏仿 10.8 Synesthesia 10.9 Transferred EpithetContents of This ChapterPage 310.1 Simile (1)Definition Two concepts or two simil
2、ar things are imaginatively and descriptively compared because they have at least one quality or characteristic in common or in resemblance. The commonest connectives are “like” and “as”. It is one of the commonest figures of speech in English.(2) Four basic demands: It has the comparative words suc
3、h as “like”, “as” or “as if”, etc. Two things involved in comparison: tenor and vehicle. The two things must be substantially different The two things should be similar in at least one quality.Page 4E.g. 1) Jim looks like his brother Billy. 2) Jim and his brother are as like as two peas. 3) My car r
4、uns as fast as the train. 4) A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face. 5) Life was like a journey full of pitfalls(陷阱陷阱, 圈套圈套).6) Records fell like ripe apples on a windy day.Page 5(3) Classification: Functionally, simile is classified into: descriptive(描述型明喻描述型明喻),
5、 illuminative(启示型明喻启示型明喻)and illustrative(说明型明喻说明型明喻).1) Descriptive simile: attempt to draw images of people, things, etc., through figurative comparison.E.g. Her lips were red, her locks were yellow as gold. Pop looked so unhappy, almost like a child whos lost his piece of candy. The big black fli
6、es hit us like bombs.Page 62) Illuminative simile: try to give deeper insight into persons, things, ideas, even problems, through suggestive association, or to throw light on what would otherwise be inconceivable to ordinary people. E.g. He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him c
7、row. What happened to a dream deferred (postponed)? Like a raisin (葡萄干葡萄干) in the sun? Or fester (化脓化脓) like a sore? Does it stink like a rotten meat?Page 73) Illustrative说明型说明型 often used in scientific, technological writing. E.g. What is tennis? Tennis is like a ping pong game scaled up to a sizab
8、le court. Its function is to explain abstract or complicated ideas or things unfamiliar to you in simple, concrete ideas, or things familiar to you.Page 8 In terms of structure, simile is divided into: closed simile and open simile. According to the comparative words, simile is divided into: “like”,
9、 “as”, “asas”, “as, so”, “may (might) as wellas”, “as if/ though”, “what”, “morethan”, “remind of”, “compare.to”, “resemble”, etc.E.g. I am hungry as a horse. You run like a rabbit. She is happy as a clam. He is sneaky as a snake. The clouds were fluffy like cotton wool. The baby was like an octopus
10、, grabbing at all the cans on the grocery store shelves.Page 9 My handwriting looks as if a swarm of ants, escaping from an ink bottle, had walked over a sheet of paper without wiping their legs. Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. What salt is to food, that wit and humor are to lit
11、erature. A home without love is no more than a body without soul. Kings and bears often worry their keepers. 国王跟狗熊一样,总使照料者坐立不安。伴君如伴虎。Page 10The quality that similes must possess: Freshness Originality The repeatedly used similes should be avoided: E.g. as cold as ice; as good as gold; as strong as a
12、n ox; as cunning as a fox;Page 11u Lots of clichs are similes. They are fun to use, but dont overuse them in your writing! E.g. Even if you are busy as a beaver, its not as cute as a button or as American as apple pie to overuse clichs. It should be as plain as the nose on your face!美国人很喜欢吃美国人很喜欢吃 a
13、pple pie。 Apple pie是一种用烤箱制作是一种用烤箱制作的甜点心,它的外面是一层面粉,里面是用苹果做的馅儿。的甜点心,它的外面是一层面粉,里面是用苹果做的馅儿。中文有时把中文有时把 apple pie翻成翻成“苹果排苹果排”。美国人喜爱吃。美国人喜爱吃apple pie是他们刚从欧洲移居到美洲来以后就开始了。每是他们刚从欧洲移居到美洲来以后就开始了。每个家庭主妇都经常做苹果排。为了说明个家庭主妇都经常做苹果排。为了说明apple pie是美国生是美国生活的一个特点,人们常说活的一个特点,人们常说: “As American as apple pie.” 这句话的意思是:就像苹果派
14、一样具有美国特色。这句话的意思是:就像苹果派一样具有美国特色。 Page 1210.2 Metaphor(1)Definition: Metaphor uses words to indicate something different from their literal meaning - one thing is described in terms of another so as to suggest a likeness or analogy between them. Difference between metaphor and simile: in simile the co
15、mparison is explicit, while in metaphor the comparison is implied.E.g. The world is a stage.The theory is totally based on solid foundation.A romance was budding.The economy is overheating.She exploded.Page 13(2) Classification: Visible metaphor: both the primary term (tenor) and the secondary term
16、(vehicle) are present in the sentence, “X is Y”. E.g. The pillow was a cloud when I put my head upon it after a long day. No one invites Harold to parties because hes a wet blanket(扫兴扫兴 的人或物的人或物).E.g. I notice tears welling up in her eyes.Embarrassed at our noisy children, we sheepishly tried to sne
17、ak into the dining room, hoping not to be noticed by others.The temperature fell to a murderous -40.Page 14Structure: The signified is the signifier. 本体 是 喻体。 The theory is a building. The romance was a plant. The economy is machinery. She was a container. My tears is a well. We are sheep. The tempe
18、rature is a murderer.Page 15 Invisible metaphor: p The primary term is present, but the secondary term is not.p The secondary term is present but the primary term is not.E.g. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. The machine sitting at that desk
19、 was no longer a man; it was a busy New York broker. Page 16Believe it or not, you use metaphors and similes every day of your life! Some words are metaphors all by themselves. E.g. She was a bright student. We all know that “bright” refers to light. But in this sentence we are comparing intelligenc
20、e to light. Its a metaphor!Page 172Metaphor 1) 名词型All the world is a stage, and all the men and women merely players. William Shakespeare 2)动词型The boy wolfed down the food. 3)形容词型She has a photographic memory for detail. 4)“of”型The bridge of friendship/ the valley of despair/ a flower of a girl/ a f
21、ox of a man/ the snake of traffic(隐喻隐喻/暗喻暗喻 )Page 18(3) Three purposes of metaphor: Description Illumination Illustration (4) Multi-aspect metaphors: Sustained metaphor: the primary term is successively compared to two or more secondary terms. Extended metaphor: an initial comparison is made and the
22、n developed. Page 19E.g. All the worlds a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages(W. Shakespeare)E.g. Poetry is the scent of the rose, the lightening in the sky, the gleam of the f
23、ly, the sound of the sea.Page 20(5) Mixed metaphor and Dead metaphor: Mixed metaphor: two or more incongruous comparison run together. Dead metaphor: refers to those which have been used for so long that they have lost their figurative strength and become lifeless. Mixed Metaphor E.g. The seeds of r
24、ebellion were kindled in secret. I skimmed over the book to taste the tone of it.u Such metaphors should be avoided because they result in incongruity of images and inconsistency in logic.Page 21Dead metaphors:A metaphor should meet three requirements: l Freshness and originalityl Aptnessl Consisten
25、cySome metaphors have been used for so long that they have their figurative strength and become lifeless. They are called dead metaphors.E.g. “Im dead tired” “Shes the apple of my eye”“He wore me down” “Im heartbroken” “brow of the hill” “Strong as an ox” “head teacher” “branches of government” “to
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