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1、定语从句一 概念:* 定语从句-在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子. (在句子中作定语) Harry Porter is a boy (who has magic power.)* 定语从句的结构-引导词+从句的其他成分(使用陈述语序)* 先行词-定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。* 关系词(定语从句的引导词)-1.关系代词(在从句中做主语或宾语,有who whom which that)2.关系副词(在从句中做状语,有 when where why)* 限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法主语宾语定语人who、thatwhom、who、thatwhose=of whom物Which、thatwhich、th
2、atwhose=of which注:1.限制性定语从句中关系代词的省略关系代词做动词的宾语,可省略。作介词的宾语,且介宾远离可省略。作介词的宾语,且介宾紧挨不可省略。 2.在非限制性定语从句中,一不可省略宾语(关系代词)二不用that.* 限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法关系副词先行词在从句中所做的成分When=at/in/on which表时间的名词时间状语Where=in/at which表地点的名词 特stage、case、point、situation地点状语Why=for which表原因的词语 reason原因状语二定语从句的由来关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系词whose实际上是先
3、行词的所有格关系副词实际上是介词先行词1. 先行词为人,关系代词在定语从句中做主语。 I helped an old man. The old man lost his way.I helped an old man who /that lost his way.I helped an old man, who lost his way. 2. 先行词为人,关系代词在定语从句中做宾语。The boy is my friend. You met him just now/The boy (whom/who/that) you met just now is my friend.The boy,
4、whom/who you met just now is my friend3. 先行词为物,关系代词在定语从句中做主语。Football is a game. The game is liked by most boys.Football is a game which/that is liked by most boys.Football is a game, which is liked by most boys.4. 先行词为物,关系代词在定语从句中做宾语。I cannot find the book. . I bought a book yesterday.I cannot find
5、 the book. (which /that) I bought yesterday.I cannot find the book, which I bought yesterday.5. 先行词为人,关系代词在定语从句中做定语I know a boy. His mane is jack.=I know a boy. The name of him is jackI know a boy whose name is jack.=I know a boy, the name of whom is jack.=I know a boy, of whom the name is jack.6. 先
6、行词为物,关系代词在定语从句中做定语I once lived in a house. The houses roof has fallen。 =the roof of the house has fallen.I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen. = I once lived in a house , the roof of which has fallen.7.when The time finally came. During this time we got together.The time (during which got t
7、ogether) finally came.The time (when we got together) finally came.8. where The house has been put down. I lived in the house.The house ( in which I lived ten years ago) has been put down.The house (where I lived ten years ago) has been put down.9.why Please tell me the reason. For that reason you m
8、issed the train.Please tell me the reason (for which you missed the train)Please tell me the reason (why you missed the train)三 定语从句的一般用法* 如何选用定语从句的关系词 1.首先分清主句和定语从句 2.确定定语从句的先行词 3.把先行词带回到定语从句中去,看其在定语从句中做什么语法成分(主语,宾语,定语或状语) 4.若先行词在从句中做主语、宾语或定语则选择关系代词,若在从句中做状语,则选择关系副词。1.关系代词的用法that that: 可指人或物;可作主语,宾
9、语。 指人时,相当于who或 whom; 指物时,相当于whichA letter _ is written in pencil is difficult to read. Do you know the gentleman _spoke just now?What is the question _they are talking about?Here is the man _you want to see. whichwhich: 指物;可作主语,宾语,状语。 1. The book _ was on the desk was bought by my father. 2. The boo
10、k _ I bought yesterday is very interesting. 3. The factory _ his father works is far from here. who, whom, whosewho: 主格, 在从句中作主语,只可指人;whom: 宾格,在从句中作宾语,只可指人;whose: 属格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物。(whose = of which或of whom) I like the students who work hard. All who heard the story were amazed. Chaplin, for whom l
11、ife had once been very hard, was a success as an actor. A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. Id like a room whose window faces south. 2.关系副词的用法When When 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词(如:time, day, week, year, month等) He came last night when I was out.We will put off the picnic until next
12、 week, when the weather would be better.when = 介词+which I still remember the day when I first came to this school. (when= on which) He came at a time when we needed him most. (when= at which) We will never forget the year 1949, when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. (when= in which)Where Wh
13、ere 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词。(如:place, school, factory, room等) This is the place where I was born. I live in the room where /in which he used to live. where = 介词+which I recently went back to the town where I was born. (where = in which) I would like to live in a country where there is plenty of
14、 sunshine. (where = in which)Why Why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason 时,可用for which指代。 The reason why / for which / (that) he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill.3.as的用法He was a foreigner, _ I knew from his accent. A. that B. as C. where D. why如为限制性的,多用于the same as ; the same as;such as ; as many
15、/much as;so as等结构中。(as在定语从句中做成分) I have the same book as you (have). Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. 比较: I live in the same house that he used to live in. Im wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.如为非限制性的,多单独引导一个定语从句,这种定语从句可置于句首、句中或句尾,译为“正如”。(动词常为know, see, expect
16、, point out, etc.)as 具有正如之意,与之搭配的动词一般是固定的,如:as you know/ as you see/as we planned/as we expectedAs we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health . Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one health. The earth is round._ is known to all.The earth is round,_ is known to all._ is known to all, the eart
17、h is round_ is known to all that the earth is round.四定语从句的特殊用法1.只能用that 不能用which的情况2.只能用which不能用that 的情况3.关系代词与关系副词的区别与联系4.非限制性定语从句和单句的比较只能用that 不能用which的情况(先行词或其修饰语特殊)1.先行词为不定代词时:all, much, everything, anything, nothing, something, none, the one.2.先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等
18、修饰时; 3.先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时;当先行词被the only, the very, the same, little, few, no, any等修饰时4.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时; 5.先行词既有人又有物时;6.先行词是数次时;(two, ten, a hundred)7.如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免重复; 8.疑问词是who或which,关系代词宜用that,以避免重复; 9.主句是There be 结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词;10.被修饰成分为表语时,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该
19、关系代词宜用that。 (主语+be+n. /adj.; 主语+系动词+adj.)逗号和介词后面不能用that 练习1. The writer and his novel _ you have just talked about is really well known .2. The most important thing _ should be done right now is how to stop him from going on. 3. The last place _ we visited was the chemical works. 4. Theres nothing _
20、 can be said about it . 5. This is the third film _ has been shown in our school this term. 1. Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two _are still alive.2. Who is the man _ is standing at the gate?3. Thats a good book _will help you a lot. 4. There is sti
21、ll a seat in the corner_ is still free.5. Edison built up a factory which produced things _had never been seen before. 1.He did all / everything _he could to help me.2.This is the very thing _ I am after.3.We talked about the men and the things _ we remembered at school.4.He is the only man _ can do
22、 the work.5.This is the first thing _ I want to say.6.He is the finest man _ I have ever worked with.7.Who is the man _ spoke to you at the gate.8.Which is the star _ is nearest to the earth.9.Is there anything else _ you want to say?10.Any person _ has the money can join the group.只能用which不能用that 的
23、情况:(介词后+非限)1. 介词后面只能用which; Is this the room in which Mr. White lives? 2. 非限定性定语从句中。(注:which引导的非限制性定语从句可代指主句的整个情况)More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. He is always late, which made his teacher angry.3.当关系代词后面带有插入语时; Heres the English gra
24、mmar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English. 4. 先行词是those+复数名词. A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. 只能用who 不能用that 的情况1. 先行词为anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people时; Anyone who failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason .
25、He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for nothing. 2. 在非限定性定语从句中; His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 3在there be开头的句子中。 Here is a boy who wants to see you. 关系代词与关系副词的区别与联系先行词在从句中做状语时,关系词才可以用关系副词when /where /why。否则用相应的关系代词.比 较 I still remember the
26、day _my brother joined the army. I still remember the days _we spent together. 先行词是时间名词,但在定语从句中做宾语或主语时,先行词不能用when。比 较 The small mountain village _we spent our holiday last month is now very famous. This is the park _they visited last year. 先行词是地点名词,但在定语从句中做宾语或主语时,先行词不能用where。比 较 I dont believe the r
27、eason that/which he gave me. Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? 当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,不能用why 引导。非限制性定语从句和单句的比较 1. I am reading Harry Porter, _is an interesting book.(which/that) 2.He failed in the exam。_ made his parents angry.( This) 3.He failed in the exam,_made his parents angr
28、y.(which) 4.He has two sons. Both of _ are teachers. (them) 5.He has two sons, both of _ are teachers.(whom)五介词+关系代词 引导的定语从句注1.介宾紧挨,只能用which,whom.不能用that,who。2.介词选择看搭配。根据定语从句中的谓语,先行词以及他们直接的搭配来确定。3.当动词短语中的介词是固定搭配,不可拆,不提前。如Look after. learn from4.常见搭配 不定代词/数词 + of which/whomThe man to who/whom you spo
29、ke was a scientist.The man (who/whom)you spoke to was a scientist.The city in that /which she lives is far away.The city(that/which)she lives in is far awayIs this the watch that you are looking for?The old man whom I am looking after is better . 1. Do you like the book she spent $10? 2. Do you like
30、 the book she paid $10? 3. Do you like the book she learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book she often talks? (about) 5. He built a telescope he could study the skies.(through) 6. There is a tall tree outside, stands our teacher.(under) 7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _is the Yellow R
31、iver.(of) 8. The tower _ people can have a good view is on the hill.(from) 9. The man _ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling.(to) 10. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.六补 充1.当先行词为way时,定语从句常用that, in which,或how引导,that常可以省略。
32、 This is the way that / in which I do such things.Please do the experiment in the way that/which I have shown you. (做宾语)2.无论是关系代词,还是关系副词,都在定语从句中充当一定的成分,因此,先行词在定语从句中不复出现。 【误】 This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday.【误】The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practice their
33、 spoken English.3.关系词的省略在下列情况下,关系词在非正式文体中可以省略:1)关系代词that, which, who, whom在定语从句中做宾语时,常可省略。 Are these keys (that which) you were looking for? The man (who/that) I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time.2)以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导,而且通常可以省略。 I dont like the way (that/ in whic
34、h) she walks. The way (that /in which) he answered the questions was surprising. 3在the time when, the place where, the reason why结构中,when, where, why可省略。 I shall never forget the day (when) we first met. Thats the place (where) he stayed when he was in the country. 定语从句专项训练1. Well never forget the d
35、ays_ we spent together last year. A. when B. that C. how D. on which 2. The high yellow building over there, _was set up last year, is our office building. A. it B. that C. where D. which 3. It is the best TV play _Ive seen. A. that B. which C. since D. and 4. I often hear from my sister, _works as
36、an engineer. A. that B. who C. he D. whom 5. Last month I visited the house _I used to live in my twenties. A. which B. who C. in that D. where 6. The day_ I was to start arrived at last. A. that B. which C. on which D. in that 7. The old woman has two sons, _are teachers. A. two of whom B. both of
37、whom C. all of them D. neither of them 8. Is that the reason _you dont agree with them? A. what B. which C. why D. that 9. Air, _we breathe every day, is necessary to life. A. / B. which C. what D. that 10. I, _your friend, will try my best to help you out. A. who is B. that is C. who am D. who are
38、11. Li Ying is one of the girls _to college in the village. A. who goes B. who go C. which went D. that goes 12. He is the only one of the boys of his class who _the piano well. A. plays B. play C. playing D. are playing 13. Those _not only from books but also through practice will succeed. A. learn
39、 B. who C. that learns D. who learn 14. Is this the factory _you visited the other day? A. in which B. which C. where D. the one 15. He must be from Africa, _can be seen from his skin. A. that B. as C. it D. what 16.He often speaks the role he played in the play, _ made others upset.17.He opened the
40、 door, in front of _ sat a boy.18.The man to _ I spoke is a famous scientist.19.The boy _ mother is dead was brought up by his father.定语从句专项练习题与答案详解1. Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, _ from east to west. Those _ run from north to south are called avenues.A. running; that B. run; who C.
41、 running; who D. run; that2. This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen.A. when B. where C. that D. on which3. Mr. Smith will pay a visit to Beijing this autumn, _ we will enjoy the Olympic Games in 2008. A. where B. when C. which D. how4. The artist will not paint people or animals but he will
42、 paint anything _ .A. that the little girl asks him B. the little girl asks him toC. for the little girl to ask him D. what the little girl asks him5. How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin?Oh, thats easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one _ the telephone number is provided.A.
43、 which B. in which C. of which D. whose6. October 15 th is my birthday, _ I will never forget.A. when B. that C. what D. which7. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely.A. when B. where C. which D. whose8. There are several research centers in China _ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied.A. which B. where C. when D. what9. I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all.A. which B. what C. that D. when10. The time is not far away _ modern com
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