利用ArcGIS研究城市地区空气污染的空间造型-外文翻译.docx
《利用ArcGIS研究城市地区空气污染的空间造型-外文翻译.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《利用ArcGIS研究城市地区空气污染的空间造型-外文翻译.docx(15页珍藏版)》请在得力文库 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、Spatial Modelling of Air Pollution in Urban Areas withGIS: A Case Study on Integrated Database DevelopmentL. MatejicekInstitute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague, 128 01, Czech Republic(lmatejicmbox.cesnet.cz)Abstract: A wide range of data collected by monitoring systems and by m
2、athematical and physical modelling can be managed in the frame of spatial models developed in the GIS. In addition to data management and standard environmental analysis of air pollution, data from remote sensing (aerial and satellite images) can extend all the data sets. In spite of that simulation
3、 of air pollutant distribution is carried out by standalone computer systems, the spatial database in the frame of the GIS is used to support decision-making processes in a more efficient way. Mostly, data are included in the map layers as attributes. Other map layers are carried out by the methods
4、of spatial interpolation, raster algebra and case oriented analysis. A series of extensions is built in the GIS to adapt its functionality. As examples, the spatial models of the flat urban area and the street canyon with extensive traffic polluted with NOx are constructed. Different scales of the s
5、patial models require variant methods of construction, data management and spatial data sources. The measurement of NOx and O3 by the automatic monitoring system and data from the differential absorption LIDAR are used for investigation of air pollution. Spatial data contain digital maps of both the
6、 areas complemented by digital elevation models. Environmental analyses represent spatial interpolations of air pollution that are displayed in horizontal and vertical plains. Case oriented analyses are mostly focused on risk assessment methods. Finally, the LIDAR monitoring results and the results
7、obtained by modelling and spatial analyses are discussed in the context of environmental management of the urban areas. The spatial models and their extensions are developed in the frame of the ESRIs ArcGIS and ArcView programming tools. Aerial and satellite images preprocessed by the ERDAS Imagine
8、represent areas of Prague.Keywords: spatial modelling; GIS; air pollution; Lidar1. INTRODUCTIONThe recent development of spatial data management in the frame of geographic information systems (GISs) has created the new era of environmental modelling. More powerful computers have made running air qua
9、lity models at global and locale spatial scales possible. In order to understand the function of more complex models, the modelling system should consist of other subsystems (point and area sources of pollution, spatial description of terrain elevations, meteorological data, air quality monitoring n
10、etworks). Obviously, the use of the GIS has become essential in providing boundary conditions to the air quality models. Certainly, the use of the GIS in air pollution modelling can be extended moreover to processing the surface data. Many models have been coupled with the GIS in the past decade to
11、simulate various environmental processes as described in the book written by Longley et al. 2001. Due to the four-dimensional nature of distribution of atmospheric pollutants, the concept of the GIS should be extended to include temporal variations of three-dimensional spatial data. Considering to a
12、 huge volume of numerical calculations, two-dimensional interpolations into the horizontal layers are used to interpolate threedimensional atmospheric data onto a model grid system. The interpolations, integrations of land cover surface data and the GIS analyses focused on small scale spatial models
13、 carried out in the kilometer grid are discussed by Lee in the book published by Goodchild 1996. In case of large scale air quality modelling, more detailed spatial data are needed to include the impact of buildings and other man-made barriers on distribution of air pollutants, Janour, 1999; Civis 2
14、001. Apart from this approach, the statistical theory is also used to indicate spatio-temporal interactions as described by Briggs et al. 2000.2. METHODS OF INTEGRATION AIR QUALITY MODELS INTO THE GISA few scenarios can be established to integrate air quality models into the GIS. The basic level is
15、represented by the standalone software application for simulation of air quality models (ISCST3, ISCPRIME), which is accompanied by data inputs and other software systems (GIS, RDBMS, Surfer, WWW-presentations). The individual programs form heterogeneous data structures that require the transport of
16、 data into various data formats. Figure 1 illustrates an example of steps carried out during the simulation of air quality models.Figure 1. The standalone simulation of air quality models,which is extended by preprocessing and postprocessing software systems. On the other side, a number of computer
17、programs has been developed to integrated particular functions of the GIS, air quality modelling and graphic systems. Mostly, they are determined to carry out specific calculation without links to other software applications. The GIS based software applications are mostly based on spatial software l
18、ibraries. The missing functions (air quality modelling, visualisation tools) can be complemented or shared through the dynamiclink libraries. The integrated emission evaluation systems, which offer alternative ways of using the emission models together with selectedfunctionality of the GISs, are des
19、cribed by Rebolj 1999. A number of software applications is focused on design of relational databases and their interconnection together with standard air quality modelling systems. The structure of the programs developed with spatial software libraries showsfigure 2. Software application Compiled r
20、outines from the GIS, modelling and graphic libraries(ArcObjects, AVENUE)Figure 2. The standalone software application for2.1 GIS data management and functionalityConsidering to the both described scenarios of integration, the scope and scale of urban areas problems make the GIS a powerful tool for
21、management of spatial and temporal data, complex analyses and visualization, Matejicek, 2002. Due to the ability to manage a number of spatial and temporal data formats, data structures created in the frame of the GISs open the ways to building air quality information systems that synthesize geospat
22、ial and temporal air quality data to support spatio-temporal analysis and dynamic modelling. There is also a growing amount of the digital maps in the GIS community, which are used to support decision-making processes of the urban authorities (data sets for land cover and climatic variables, digital
23、 elevation models, which are extended by blocks of buildings and trees, air pollution sources and monitoring networks, soil and hydrologic properties, road and railway networks). While much progress has been made with the mapping of environmental data and the creation of national, regional and local
24、 data sets, many challenges remain. For example, air quality models are not used to be included into the GIS. As standalone software applications, they use various data formats, which can usually operate independently with their own GIS database. Similarly, air quality management agencies are creati
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 利用 ArcGIS 研究 城市 地区 空气污染 空间 造型 外文 翻译
限制150内